Introduction: The resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters (CMS) is a unique territory that has a variety of recreational resources: hydromineral, mud, climatic, and excursion. On the basis of numerous recreational resources at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. the largest balneological centers of the country were formed - the resort towns of Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki and Zheleznovodsk. During the XIX-XX centuries. there was a formation of the resort region. Materials and methods of research: The article analyzes the documents on the development of medical and spa areas in the USSR and shows the features of their implementation in the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters in the Soviet period. The nature of development, the formation of the economy and the development of infrastructure in the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters are traced. Research results and their discussion: In the Soviet period, the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters turned into the largest sanatorium-resort complex of the country; the cities of Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk and Zheleznovodsk acquired resort significance on an all-Union scale. In the Soviet period, large-scale resort construction took place, including resort infrastructure, and the improvement of resort towns. Conclusions: The formation of the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters, the speciics and nature of its development in the Soviet period were determined by the resort function of the region.