ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY DATA OF REMOTE SENSING OF THE EARTH FROM SPACE

Introduction: a general description of the water cycle in nature or the hydrological cycle, consisting of evaporation, condensation and precipitation, is too simple to explain the high degree of complexity of the phenomena involved. Several physical processes contribute significantly to determining the final balance (or local imbalance), for example, water vapor transport, sublimation, surface runoff, soil moisture, infiltration, percolation, plant absorption, and groundwater flow. Clouds and precipitation, along with the massive exchange of water vapor, play a significant role in climate variability, both globally and regionally. They affect not only the climate, but also the weather of all scales and determine the availability of water. Materials and methods of the research: the water cycle in nature is the most important physical mechanism that ensures the existence of life on Earth. Its components cover the atmosphere, land and oceans. The cycle consists of evaporation, sublimation, water vapor transfer, condensation, precipitation, runoff, iniltration and seepage, groundwater flow and absorption of plants. For the correct balance of the global water cycle, observations are necessary for all these processes from a global point of view. In particular, precipitation requires constant monitoring, as it is the most important component of the cycle, especially in conditions of changing climatic characteristics. Passive and active sensors aboard meteorological and environmental satellites now provide sufficiently comprehensive data that allows better measurements of precipitation from space to improve our understanding of cycle acceleration / deceleration in current and predicted climatic conditions. The results of the study and their discussion: the purpose of this article is to create a modern picture of the current state of observations of precipitation from space with the prospect for the near future of a satellite constellation, applications for modeling and water resources management. In particular, at present the problem of flood forecasting is an urgent problem, both from a scientific and from a practical point of view. Although the overall picture of the formation of loods is clear and understandable that they are mainly determined by the intensity and duration of precipitation over the river basin, there is still no mathematical approach in which it was possible to predict the time of the onset of floods with a sufficient lead time. This is due to the presence of many interdependent factors affecting the accumulation of moisture in the river basin. Therefore, any automated flood forecasting system should rely on Earth remote sensing data from space. Conclusions: a new mathematical model of floods with distributed parameters is obtained. It is shown that the proposed mathematical model describes an aggravated regime. This means that over a inite time, the amount of moisture in the soil tends to ininity.

water cycle, hydrological cycle, precipitation, water resources, climate change, satellite, remote sensing, river basin, inflow, drain, flood, reservoir, underground waters

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