The use of Renewable Energy Sources in the Agriculture of the Stavropol Province in the Post-Reform Period

Introduction. The article studies the peculiarities of the use of renewable energy sources in the Stavropol province of the post-reform period, mainly in the field of flour milling, which added most to the well-being of both local population and the population of adjacent regions.

Materials and research methods. The study analyzes historical statistical data reflecting the state of the flour milling industry of the Stavropol province in the post-reform period. The research is based on open literary sources of the XIX–XX centuries. Research results and their discussion. In the course of the study, the dynamics of the number and territorial features of the placement of windmills and watermills of the Stavropol province for the post-reform period were analyzed. The state of flour milling in the Stavropol province of the XIX and early XX centuries is characterized, and an overview of the features of the use of various types of mills in agriculture is given. Data on the current state of alternative energy in the Stavropol Krai are presented.

Conclusions. The use of renewable energy sources in the Stavropol province for grain processing prevailed until the second half of the XIX century, and the various territories of the Stavropol province were heterogeneous in the quantitative composition of the types of mills used. By the beginning of the XX century, water and windmills were being replaced by steam mills, the stability of which was less affected by the weather and climatic conditions of the territory.

1. Vedernikova N.M. Mills and the miller in Russian mythology. Nauchnyi dialog. 2014. No. 12 (36). P. 6–22 (In Russ.).

2. German R.E. Development of road transport infrastructure in the Caucasus and in the Caucasus (Stavropol) province in the late 18th century – early 60s of the 19th century). Historical and archaeological anthology: collection of articles. Armavir, 2002. P. 163–167. (In Russ.).

3. Dmitriev E.V. Economic and social development of Stavropol in the mid-19th – early 20th centuries: thesis abstract for the degree of candidate of historical sciences in specialty 07.00.02 Domestic History. Pyatigorsk, 2006. 28 p. (In Russ.).

4. Ermolenko D.V. The origin and development of business in Kuban: conditions, problems and tools for solutions. Scientific Journal of Kuban State Agrarian University. No. 36(2), 2008. P. 1–16 (In Russ.).

5. Efimenko P.S. Materials on the ethnography of the Russian population in the Arkhangelsk province, collected by P.S. Efimenko, member of the Imperial Society of enthusiasts of Natural History, Anthropology and Ethnography, affiliated to Moscow University. Moskva: In the printing house O. B. Millera, 1877–1878. Part 1. 1877. VII. 192 p. (In Russ.).

6. Zabudskii N.N. Military statistical review of the Stavropol province based on reconnaissance and materials collected on site. Voennostatisticheskoe obozrenie Rossiiskoi imperii. = Military statistical review of the Russian empire. SPb., 1851. Vol. 1. Р. 1851 (In Russ.).

7. Zol’nikova Ju.F. Study of the climate of Caucasian Mineral Waters as a recreational resource at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Science. Innovations. Technology. 2018. No. 3. P. 155–164 (In Russ.).

8. Katorgin I. Ju. Mapping and spatial analysis of the development of administrative borders of Stavropol for 1785–2021. Science. Innovations. Technology. 2022. No. 2. P. 139–162 (In Russ.).

9. Our land is Stavropol: Essays on history / [Red. komis.: Chernogorov A.L. i dr.]. Stavropol: Shat-Gora, 1999. 525 p. (In Russ.).

10. Krivonozhenko A.F., Zakharova E.V., Litvin YU.V. Mills in the life of the Russian peasantry of the post-reform period. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Istoriya = Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. History 2021. Vol. 66. Issue 3. P. 699–717 (In Russ.).

11. Kruglov A.I. i dr. The history of cities and villages in the Stavropol Krai. Stavropol, 2002. 701 p. (In Russ.).

12. Kupriyanova L.M. Goroda Severnogo Kavkaza vo vtoroi polovine XIX veka (Cities of the North Caucasus in the second half of the 19th century). M., 1981. 230 р. (In Russ.).

13. Loginov K.K. Sorcerers of Zaonezhye: true and imaginary. Master and folk art tradition of the Russian North (scientific conference papers III “Ryabinin reading 99”): collection of scientific papers. Petrozavodsk, 2000. P. 176–186 (In Russ.).

14. Nevskaya T.A. Stolypin reform in the North Caucasus. SPb.: Nestor, 1997. 195 р. (In Russ.).

15. Podmogil’naya I.A. Commercial and industrial development of Stavropol and Terek in the 19th – early 20th centuries). Thesis abstract for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Stavropol, 2011. 30 p. (In Russ.).

16. Pomerantseva E.V. Mythological characters in Russian folklore. Moskva: Nauka, 1975. 194 p. (In Russ.).

17. Ratushnyak V.N. Agricultural production in the North Caucasus at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. Rostov-na-Donu, 1989. 251 р. (In Russ.).

18. Sadovnikov D.N. The riddles of the Russian people. Moskva: Izd-vo Moskovskogo un-ta, 1959. 334 p. (In Russ.).

19. Semilutskii A.P. Selo Pokoinoye village, Stavropol province, Novogrigoryevsky district. Compilation of Materials for the Description of Localities and Tribes of the Caucasus. Vol. 23. Tiflis. 1897. Р. 253–356 (In Russ.).

20. List of flour mills in Russia in 1908: Part 1. Commodity mills. Sankt-Peterburg: tip. Red. period. izd. M-va fin., 1909. VIII, 64 p. (In Russ.).

21. Tvalchrelidze A. Stavropol province: statistics, historical and agricultural features. 1897. 378 р. (In Russ.).

22. Shatskii P.A., Murav’ev V.N. Stavropol. Historical sketch. Stavropol, 1977. P. 7–85 (In Russ.).

23. Shebzukhova T.A. Trade and commodity exchange in agriculture of the Stavropol province. Thesis abstract for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Stavropol, 1998. 22 р. (In Russ.).

24. Cascade of Kuban hydroelectric power stations. RuSGidro [Electronic resource]. URL: https://kkges.rushydro.ru/ (Accessed: 01.09.2023) (In Russ.).

25. List of populated places in the Stavropol province. National digital library [Electronic resource]. URL: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/001908_000036_75DB68C1-86D6-45EA-A180-A0B-82B81038D/ (Accessed: 20.06.2023) (In Russ.).

26. Stavropol province. Encyclopedic dictionary (Ehntsiklopediс) Brokgauz and Efron. Russian Universal Encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. URL: http://gatchina3000.ru/big/096/96646_brockhaus-efron.htm (Accessed: 30.08.2023) (In Russ.).