Abkhazia is located on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. To the south, the republic is washed by the Black Sea, with a coastline stretching for 229 kilometers. This is an area of active contact between the land and the sea. The majority of population in Abkhazia lives along the coast. Consequently, communications are concentrated here, and civil construction is actively underway. More than 90% of recreational and infrastructure facilities are located along the coast, as well as transportation links, residential buildings, and commercial facilities. In current rapidly expanding commercial and recreational environment, the pressure on the coastal zone is significantly increasing, leading to increased abrasion, landslides, and beach erosion. Meanwhile, scientific research and survey work are extremely limited, and the methods used to protect the coast from natural and anthropogenic damage are often ineffective and localized. The overall coastal pressure is increasing. In some coastal areas, the coast has reached the state where restoration through natural processes is impossible. Existing coastal protection structures require repair or complete reconstruction. Comprehensive coastal protection is lacking. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a comprehensive coastal protection plan. Coastal protection must be considered as a comprehensive, unified whole. Addressing coastal zone issues in Abkhazia at the level of individual local authorities and agencies is unacceptable. Complex natural and anthropogenic processes occurring in the area require continuous monitoring of the entire coastal zone of Abkhazia.

The object of the study is landslide activity in the Otradnensky District of the Krasnodar Krai. The paper presents the results of systematization and analysis of various sources containing information about the distribution and of the activity manifestation of landslide processes (for the period 2005–2024) in the studied municipal district. The conditions, causes, extent, activity, and danger of landslide manifestations in the district are characterized. The role of natural and anthropogenic factors in the development of this process is determined. Some qualitative and quantitative (area, power) characteristics of large landslide masses developed in the territory of the district are given, and a brief description of the soils that form them is provided. The analysis of landslide activity for 2005–2024 showed significant development of active landslide forms, both by year and by the studied territory. The highest landslide activity was observed in 2018, while very low activity was recorded in 2016, 2022–2024. It is noted that of landslide manifestations most often occur on the ledges of the high terraces of the Urup River and its tributaries, mostly without causing significant damage to residential and commercial facilities. The article provides information about the extent of landslide deformations and destructions on the highways of the district. Over the past 20 years, no emergencies caused by landslides have been reported in the study area. The identified landslide activations observed in the district during this period, as well as the analysis of the socio-economic aspects of their consequences, suggest a significant level of landslide activity in the Otradnensky District of the Krasnodar Krai.

This article examines the geographic aspects of happiness, specifically the development and use of a happiness index in the Stavropol Krai. The hypothesis was that happiness levels are directly related to strong economic performance. All urban settlements in the Krai were divided into groups using cluster analysis and confirmed using Zipf’s rank-size test, where the secondlargest city is half the size of the first, and the third-largest city is three times smaller. Three territories were studied: Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, and Ipatovo. An objective assessment of happiness levels was based on the analysis of available statistical indicators, including economic indicators: the share of small and medium-sized businesses; average wage; investment volume; total residential area per capita; average new housing construction per capita; and social characteristics such as population size. The subjective assessment was based on data from a sociological survey involving 419 people. Various data visualization tools were used throughout the study, facilitating the interpretation of results and the identification of spatial patterns. The study found no correlation between economic well-being and happiness. The data obtained may be useful for making informed local management decisions aimed at improving well-being and quality of life in the Stavropol Krai.

Standard climatic norms of the number of days with precipitation were calculated for the 1991–2020 base period using observations from the Stavropol meteorological station.

The days with atmospheric precipitation and the days with traces of precipitation were taken into account. The days with ground condensation were not taken into account. Standard climatic norms of the number of days with precipitation, both overall and by individual gradations, were calculated for the year, warm and cold periods, seasons, and all months. For all listed time intervals, the maximum and minimum values for the number of days with precipitation are provided, and the main statistical characteristics are calculated. Calculations of climatic norms for days with traces of precipitation, as well as for days with daily precipitation in gradations of ≥ 0.1 mm, ≥ 1.0 mm, ≥ 5.0 mm, and ≥ 10.0 mm were performed.

Graphs of the annual variability of the average number of days with precipitation by gradation were constructed, as well as graphs of the 30-year variability of the annual and seasonal number of days with precipitation, the number of days with precipitation by season, and the annual number of days with precipitation by gradation. The analysis of daily precipitation totals for large gradations (≥ 20.0 mm, ≥ 30.0 mm, ≥ 50.0 mm) was conducted by directly examining the number of days with precipitation of the specified gradations for each year. The characteristics of extended periods without precipitation, as well as days with precipitation reaching hazardous levels, were analyzed. Trend equations were derived from the analysis of the 30-year variability of all these parameters.

The comparison of the obtained data with data for various long-term periods of the 20th century revealed a trend toward a long-term change in the frequency of days with precipitation, declining both in terms of the annual number of days and in terms of their number during cold and warm periods. However, over the past 30 years, against a backdrop of a decrease in the number of days with precipitation during the cold period and overall, a slight increase in the frequency of days with precipitation during the warm period is observed.

The work uses official statistics from the Center for Disaster Medicine and Emergency Medical Services, which contain information on the frequency and nature of emergency medical assistance calls in Nalchik. The analysis of the frequency of emergency medical teams in Nalchik in 2023, depending on the time of year was based on the materials of more than 17485 calls. It is indicated that the year under review was not coronavirus and influenza epidemic. The distribution of calls to emergency medical teams (EMTs) by the seasons of 2023 in Nalchik is also given. By studying and processing experimental data, a field of scattering of correlation points was obtained between the numbers of days with convective phenomena and the average daily data on the number of calls to the ambulance with the detection of hypertension, monthly values of solar wind velocity and the average daily data on the number of calls to the ambulance with the detection of arrhythmia, the numbers of days with convective phenomena and the average daily data on the number of calls to the ambulance with the detection of arrhythmia, monthly values of the solar wind velocity and average daily data on the number of emergency calls for hypertension. Coefficients for estimating the parameters of the regression model in determining the impact of lightning events on the average daily data on the number of emergency calls with hypertension (t, m, l, p), solar wind speed on the average daily data on the number of emergency calls with hypertension (g,127q, r, s), lightning events on average daily data on the number of emergency calls for arrhythmia (z, u, e, f), solar wind speed, average daily data on the number of emergency calls for hypertension (w, y, c, h) Cubic regression equations were found from systems of equations using Kramer's method. Cubic regression equations have been obtained for the case of the relationship of thunderstorms and solar wind velocity with diseases of the cardiovascular system. The cubic regression parameters were estimated using the least squares method and trend line graphs were plotted. According to the Chaddock scale, a qualitative assessment of the indicators of tightness of communication is given and the most significant parameter is identified. A comparative analysis of the relationship between the speed of the solar wind and lightning events with hypertension and arrhythmia was carried out.

This article presents a detailed study of the features of radar sensing of convective cloud structures accompanied by hail fall, performed using modern radar equipment of two modifications: an automated meteorological radar of the MRL-5 type and a Doppler meteorological radar of the DMRL-S modification. The main goal of the work is to identify the differential effects that occur when key radar characteristics of these objects are recorded at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves due to the differences in propagation conditions and the diffraction and scattering properties of radio waves in the atmosphere.

The research activity included a comparative analysis of the empirical data obtained by the two specified types of radar systems, followed by an assessment of the factors affecting the quality of measurements of the corresponding radiophysical parameters. In particular, special attention was paid to the study of the instrumental errors of each device, which were caused by the design features and the lack of mutual calibration of the equipment.

The main body of the text is devoted to a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the level of uncertainty in radar diagnostics of potentially dangerous meteorological processes and the development of scientifically based recommendations aimed at increasing the objectivity and reliability of radar information. The proposed recommendations are focused on optimizing remote monitoring techniques for the state of the atmosphere and improving the efficiency of forecasting extreme hydro meteorological situations that are critical for protecting the agro-industrial complex, aviation activities, and ensuring public safety.

In the process of developing oil and gas condensate fields with a low content of liquid hydrocarbon fractions, it is necessary to predict the condensate recovery factor (CRF), the onset pressure and maximum condensation of a multicomponent system. Due to their design features, domestically produced UFR and UGK units used to study thermodynamic properties have significant measurement errors. The accuracy of plotting the relationship between condensate formation and changes in reservoir conditions may be unsatisfactory, requiring further research. Existing graphical analytical methods for determining condensate recovery also lack sufficient calculation accuracy. The goal of this study is to determine gas condensate characteristics using differential condensation using a Chandler Engineering PVT unit, which has a pressure measurement range from atmospheric to 137.90 MPa and temperatures up to 204 °C. A high-resolution barascope located directly in the PVT cell allows for accurate imaging and true measurement of the precipitated liquid phase. This setup allowed for the study of hydrocarbon mixtures with low condensate content in reservoir gas. Based on the results of experimental studies, dependencies of the precipitated liquid phase on pressure changes were constructed for hydrocarbon systems with a low condensate content in the range from 3 g/m3 to 30 g/ m3 and higher. In this work, based on the research, the current CRF was determined, the pressure of the onset of condensation of a multicomponent hydrocarbon system for the deposits of the Bovanenkovo field was measured, which corresponds to the initial reservoir pressure. The maximum condensation pressure of gas condensate systems with low condensate content in reservoir gas was experimentally obtained, ranging from 0.40 MPa to 0.60 MPa. The object of thermodynamic research is gas condensate deposits, which, when developed as part of the extracted products, have low content of liquid hydrocarbon fractions.

The paper examines specific aspects of the completion stage during well construction under abnormally low reservoir pressure (ALRP). To establish hydrodynamic communication with the productive formation and ensure the integrity of the well, the quality of well completions is particularly important during the construction. Well reliability and quality are interrelated and overlap according to certain evaluation criteria, making it difficult to clearly distinguish between these two indicators. Possible ways to prevent these issues through the use of foam-forming blocking compounds with filler (FBCF). Key aspects that ensure the ability of the well to perform its intended purpose are identified and grouped. Reliability and quality indicators in hydrocarbon well construction under ALRP conditions are summarized. Key indicators for assessing well completion quality under ALRP conditions are defined to prevent a decrease in the filtration and capacity properties of the reservoir (PRP). FBCF compositions have been developed and components selected, taking into account their interaction within the fluid to achieve maximum performance under reservoir conditions. It is demonstrated that the use of fillers in PBSN allows for the creation of a low-permeability filter cake in the near-wellbore zone (BWZ), preventing the absorption of biomass by the productive formation during various completion operations during well construction under abnormal pressure conditions. The effectiveness of forming a blocking screen in the BWZ and its dependence on the correct filler size selection for sealing all fractured pores at the BWZ entrance are presented and demonstrated. A technology and compositions for preliminary blocking of the BWZ during the completion stage of well construction using PBSN are proposed.