Introduction. The paper provides recommendations for the development and survey of wells with the aid of jet devices, depending on the nature of the inflow after hydraulic fracturing. Existing solutions to develop and survey wells do not prevent complications after hydraulic fracturing, such as the active removal of proppant from the bottom-hole zone with the backfill of well bottom-hole and a decrease in well flow rates. The use of jet pumps of the design proposed in the work makes it possible to effectively develop wells, reduce the time of their commissioning, conduct high-quality hydrodynamic surveys and obtain reservoir iltration parameters. Materials and methods of research. To elaborate recommendations for the development and survey of wells, depending on the nature of the inflow after hydraulic fracturing, reports on operations at the wells of the Russian area, the Vostochno-Messoyakhskoye field, and the Yamburgskaya area were studied. The pressure build-up curve was processed at each well under study. The obtained data were processed by D. Horner's method. Research results and their discussion. The instruction for the operation of the jet pump is offered. The design of the developed low-through jet device is given. The operations that are documented with certiicates when testing wells using a jet pump are described. The experience of development and survey of wells, depending on the nature of the inflow, is presented. Three main reservoir drives in which deep oil samples are most often taken from wells were considered. Conclusions. The development of wells by jet devices after hydraulic fracturing showed the absence of proppant removal, stable operation of wells was pointed out. The promising directions of using jet devices are determined, depending on the nature of the inflow. These interpretations of hydrodynamic surveys of wells allow us to conclude that there are luid reservoirs in the considered intervals. The conditions for the selection of deep samples of hydrocarbons are considered.

Introduction. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors, motives and features of the transformation of the toponymy of Kazakhstan as an important marker of cultural landscapes caused by historical and geographical changes in the territory of the republic. The paper have been analyzed the processes of changing geographical names on the example of ethnonyms (names of cities) for the period from the end of the XIX century to the present. The relevance of this issue from the point of view of the study of toponymy as part of the geo-cultural space have been emphasized. Onomastic practice in post-Soviet Kazakhstan does not differ from that in other former Soviet republics. A new wave of transformation is one of the consequences of delimitation. Monitoring of this process is necessary for the development of optimal directions of regional and interstate policy. Materials and methods of research. Materials and methods of research. A system of geographical and inter- disciplinary approaches and methods, including historical-geographical, chorological, cartographic, statistical, and content analysis, have been used. The information base habe been the materials of the official websites of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, reflecting the legislative and factual base, materials of population censuses, scientific and other publications, maps of different years of publication. The results of the study and their discussion. The semantic classification of city names and its changes over the period under study were carried out. It have been ased on the analysis of a large number of data. Two most important waves of transformation over the period under study have been analyzed. The structure of the types of renaming of astyonyms in the post-Soviet period have been studied. The most stable astyonyms of Kazakhstan are determined. It have been revealed that the renaming affected a significant part of the toponyms. According to this indicator, the republic should be considered a territory with a modiied cultural space. Conclusions. The transformations of the astyonyms of Kazakhstan are primarily due to geopolitical and socio-economic changes in the territory of the republic. A particularly serious transformation took place in the post-Soviet period. Most of the renaming have been associated with desovietization. The elements of the previous toponymic and cultural layers have been characterized by compression. The current trend indicates the possibility of a total and irreversible transformation of astyonyms. The most susceptible to transformation were «anthropotonyms», and the most stable were «hy-dronyms» and «oronyms».

Introduction. The North Caucasus is one of the oldest recreational areas of the country and is characterized by reserves and a variety of recreational resources. Hydromineral resources are the most important type of recreational resources of the North Caucasus. They were used here for medicinal purposes in ancient times, the first descriptions appeared in the XIV century, their research and development began in the XVIII century; the XIX century is characterized by significant discoveries and research of hydromineral resources of the North Caucasus. Materials and methods. Hydromineral resources are of interest not only in the therapeutic aspect, it is also important to study them in historical terms. The historical approach allows us to consider the features of the discovery and study of hydromineral resources, to trace the development of scientific ideas about mineral waters, about the nature of their use at different times. The analysis of historical sources made it possible to identify the features of the study of hydromineral resources and to determine the contribution of individual scientists to the study of mineral waters of the North Caucasus in the first half of the XIX century. Research results. The scientific works of scientists, geologists, chemists and doctors who studied the hydromineral resources of the North Caucasus in the first half of the XIX century are summarized. The period under study is characterized by a combination of research of well-known mineral springs and major discoveries of new types of mineral waters in the North Caucasus. Discussion and conclusions. The study and accumulation of information about the hydromineral resources of the North Caucasus occurred gradually. In the first half of the XIX century, new springs were discovered and explored in the North Caucasus, general ideas about mineral waters were formed and scientific knowledge was laid in their study.

Introduction . Climate change is currently viewed by many states as one of the most important global challenges of our century and is considered a serious threat to sustainable development . This paper analyzes the changes in the temperature and precipitation regime in the North Caucasian region during the warm and cold periods for 1961-2019 Results of the study and their discussion The climatic features of the territory of the North Caucasus region are determined by a number of factors, the main of which are the Caucasus Mountains, which serve as a climatic divide between the temperate and subtropical zones In the study of climate change in the North Caucasus region, data from time series of temperatures in the surface layer of the atmosphere and atmospheric precipitation in the warm and cold seasons of the period 1961-2019 were used The obtained time series were investigated by methods of mathematical statistics and supplemented with linear trends characterizing the trend of the value under consideration . Research results and discussion Average temperatures and precipitation were calculated for the cold period, which includes October-December of the previous year and January-April of the next year, and the warm period, from May to September, for 11 weather stations located in 4 climatic zones of the region Further, the obtained values were averaged within each climatic zone Climatic norms (average 1961-1990) were determined for each climatic zone in warm and cold periods In all climatic zones in the cold and warm periods, an excess of the temperature climatic norm is observed, with the exception of the high-mountain zone in the cold period For the amount of precipitation, the warm period is characterized by a decrease in the amount of precipitation, except for the mountainous zone In the cold season, an increase in precipitation is observed in all climatic zones The obtained time series were investigated by the methods of mathematical statistics and supplemented with linear trends characterizing the trend of the value under consideration for the period 1961-2019 Trends were calculated by the well-known least squares method . The strength of the trend, its statistical significance, was estimated by the value D (%), the contribution of the trend to the explained variance: D = (R²) 100% At the 5% level, the trend is statistically significant for the coefficient of determination above R² = 0 065 Conclusions . In all climatic zones of the North Caucasus region in the period 1961-2019 . There was a statistically significant increase in average temperatures, both in cold and warm periods, with the exception of the cold period in the high mountain zone Analysis of precipitation for the period under consideration in various climatic zones of the region showed that changes in precipitation amounts combined negative and positive statistically insigniicant trends Negative trends were mainly observed during the warm period, except for the mountainous zone, where there was a slight positive trend

Introduction. Precipitation changes in response to warming are more uneven than before, and this occurs mainly during events that are considered extreme . Unlike temperature, where climate change can be viewed as a simple shift in distribution, the shape of the distribution of precipitation changes with warming, so that rain showers account for a large proportion of total precipitation Materials and methods of research. The results of this work are based on the analysis of precipitation and temperature data from twenty meteorological stations located in the south of the European part of Russia, in the period from 1961 to 2018, and provided by the North Caucasus Department of Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring . To study the precipitation regime, the "basic triad" of precipitation was used: the total precipitation (P), the daily maximum precipitation (P_max), the number of days with precipitation of at least 20 mm (NR20) and average temperatures (T) . For the study, regression statistics of seasonal and annual series of precipitation sums, daily maximums and the number of days with precipitation of at least 20 mm, and average temperatures were calculated . Linear trends characterizing the trend of the value under consideration for the entire observation period from 1961 to 2018 were constructed using the built-in Excel LINEST worksheet function, which returns the values of the slope coefficients, the errors in their calculation, the coefficient of determination of the model R² (D, %), F- Fisher's test to determine the significance of the coefficient of determination R². Results of the study and their discussion. Throughout the south of the EPR in 1961-2018, with the exception of the negative trend of summer precipitation amounts, there was an increase in seasonal and annual precipitation amounts, daily maximum precipitation and NR20, mainly statistically insigniicant In all climatic zones of southern Russia, there was a statistically significant increase in average annual temperatures In the alpine zone, the increase in annual temperature is statistically insignificant (Terskol, a = 0 . 08 °C/10 years, D = 4 %) . In the dynamics of seasonal average temperatures, including in the high-altitude zone, a general pattern was observed - the highest rate of temperature growth in the summer season with the maximum contribution of the explained variance Despite the same positive trend of both the mean annual temperature and precipitation in the south of the EPR, the correlation coef-cients of the pairs of the series "temperature - precipitation sum", "temperature - maximum precipitation", "temperature - NR20" are statistically insignificant at the 5 % level . Against the background of a significant increase in average annual temperature anomalies, the amount of precipitation and the number of days with intense precipitation increase, but statistically insignificantly. The contribution of the trend to the explained variance is greatest for daily maximum precipitation, D = 5 2 %, which is closest to the statistically significant D = 6 . 5 % . When the average annual temperature exceeds the climatic norm by 1 °C, the anomaly of daily maximum precipitation increases by =159 % of the anomalies of daily maximum precipitation at the climatic norm of temperature (АГ = 0 °C), in contrast to the increase in the anomalies of precipitation amounts by 3 % . Conclusions. The revealed tendencies characterize the change in the precipitation regime - the amount of precipitation that fell per month does not increase signii-cantly, but if earlier it was uniform rains, now it is short, torrential . In warmer climates, signiicantly more moisture is contained in the atmosphere due to the almost constant high relative humidity, which leads to an increase in dangerous convective phenomena Thus, it can be predicted that the amount of precipitation will not change, but there will be more extreme precipitation

Cloud-earth thunderstorms and the number of dangerous meteorological phenomena per year in the North Caucasus. The signs of the influence of the solar wind on the considered weather phenomena are given. Materials and methods of research. The results of the study of thunderstorm activity, data on the number of dangerous meteorological phenomena in the North Caucasus, the values of the solar wind speed and proton density were used. The correlation and spectral analysis of the series of observations of thunderstorms on the earth and the average annual values of dangerous meteorological phenomena in the North Caucasus revealed the presence of facts of the impact of space weather on these phenomena. Results and discussion. The connection of weather phenomena (on the example of thunderstorm activity and the number of dangerous phenomena per year in the North Caucasus) with factors of solar activity (solar wind speed and proton density in near-Earth space) is substantiated. Some arguments of Henrik Svensmark's "space climatology (Svensmark, H) are presented as confirmations of the studies carried out by the authors. Conclusions. The results of long-term synchronous observations of daily thunderstorm activity, space weather characteristics and dangerous meteorological phenomena with a large time resolution (days, years) are considered. Using correlation and spectral analysis of the series of observations, the relationships between the values are investigated and hypotheses are made about possible mechanisms of their interaction. The average daily course of the considered characteristics is given.

Introduction. This article presents a method for determining the ice-forming efficiency of anti-hail products with an output of more than 107 active particles per 1 g of reagent at laboratory facilities of the High Mountain Geophysical Institute. The physical basis for the use of crystallizing reagents is the ability of their aerosols to create ice crystals in a supercooled cloud environment, which grow rapidly due to the distillation of water vapor from surrounding droplets, which helps to resolve the phase instability of a supercooled cloud environment [1]. One of the most widely used reagents when exposed to supercooled clouds in order to prevent hail and precipitation is silver iodide AgI. At the same time, the effectiveness of this reagent when interacting with a supercooled cloudy environment at a temperature of minus 6 °С and above decreases. In this regard, studies in the field of increasing the ice-forming efficiency of anti-hail products are quite relevant to the present time. Materials and methods of the research. A measure of the effectiveness of the ice-forming reagent is the number of active particles obtained from a unit mass of the reagent (hereinafter referred to as the yield), converted into an aerosol in one way or another, in particular, by burning a pyrotechnic composition with an ice-forming substance. The principle of measuring the effectiveness of an ice-forming reagent consists in determining the number of ice crystals formed when a known amount of the reagent under study is introduced in the form of an aerosol into a supercooled water mist. Pyrotechnic compositions used in anti-hail products such as «Alazan-6» and «Alazan-9» were considered as a working material for laboratory research [2, 3, 4]. The results of the study and their discussion. The article presents a method for determining the ice-forming efficiency of anti-hail products at laboratory facilities of the High Mountain Geophysical Institute. The use of this method will increase the ice-forming eficiency of anti-hail products using various additives to the pyrotechnic composition. Conclusions. The method presented in this article can be used by research institutions, Keywords: paramilitary services of active influence and other organizations of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, which develop, introduce and test new ice-forming reagents and pyrotechnic compositions.

Introduction. The quality of water today, especially fresh water, has become one of the most important factors in the health of the population. All over the world, the greatest danger to land waters is the pollution of water with heavy metal compounds, since they do not undergo biodegradation and have the ability to accumulate in various components of the ecosystem. Along with the establishment of concentrations, it is of particular importance to study the general regularities in the distribution of heavy metal compounds in individual areas of water bodies during the main phases of the water regime. Materials and methods of the research. River water samples were taken in the period 2005-2019 during the main phases of the water regime - winter low-water period and at the peak of high water. When taking water samples, the temperature of air, water and transparency were recorded. Under stationary conditions, the pH value was measured in all the samples taken. The samples were preserved with nitric acid. Determination of the content of dissolved forms of heavy metal compounds (Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd) was carried out by the atomic absorption method using a spectrometer with electrothermal atomization "MGA-915M". The results of the study and their discussion. This article presents the results of long-term observations to identify the degree of water pollution in the Malka and Baksan rivers with compounds of heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, zinc, lead and cadmium (Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd). The content of dissolved forms of heavy metals in the water of the studied rivers is subject to significant spatial and seasonal variability: the concentration values in the lower reaches of the rivers are much higher than the average, with the exception of molybdenum compounds in the water of the Baksan River. An increased content of dissolved forms of heavy metal compounds in the water of rivers during the summer flood is characteristic, when the rivers pass to ground water, the concentrations decrease by 1.5-2 times. Conclusions. The observed maximum values of the concentrations of heavy metal compounds in river water during the summer flood are obviously explained by the slope processes of the washout of loose detrital material by melt water of glaciers and snow, ground and surface waters. These processes uncontrollably form the level of heavy metal compounds in river water. The revealed levels of heavy metal compounds in river water for the studied long-term period, as well as the frequency of cases of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations are illustrated by graphs.

Introduction. The widespread use of plastic products, both for industrial and household needs, the relative cheapness, ease of production and processing of plastics, the ability to change their physical and consumer properties, led to the fact that this material has become one of the most popular in the life of modern society. At the same time, the massive use of synthetic polymer materials has given rise to the emergence of a new environmental pollutant - plastic microparticles (microplastics). It has been experimentally established that, aquatic plants make it possible to localize waters pollution by microplastics and contribute to its deposition and burial. Materials and methods of research. Field and laboratory studies was conducted to envestigate the retention rate of high-density polyethylene microparticles by Phragmites communis Trin., Typha angustifolia L., Glyceria maxima, Acorus calamus L., Iris pseudacorus, Carex acuta, Ceratophyllum demersum L. Potamogeton perfoliatus L., Potamogeton lucens L., Potamogeton natans, P. hetero-phyllus x P. Perfoliatus, Nymphaea candida, Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith, and Trapa natans. It has been experimentally established that, the retention rate of plastic microparticles by macrophytes depends on the material of their origin, particle hardness, size, concentration, as well as density, morphological and ecological characteristics of plants. For various species of macrophytes, the retention rate of microparticles in the size range of 1-5 mm ranges from 22 to 100 %>. The obtained results showed a good agreement with the materials of recent studies on the interaction between plastic microparticles with macrophytes of marine regions. Results and Discussion. Conclusion. The regulation of surface water pollution by microparticles of synthetic polymeric materials, along with other measures, can include targeted cultivation of aquatic plants, their introduction and biomass growth at the right time, in the right places and in the required quantities. Such zones can function autonomously without human intervention and capital investments. For the placement and creation of buffer zones with macrophytes, it is possible to use lands that are not suitable for other uses - former landfills, wastelands, small dry valleys, wetlands.