No 4 (2018)
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EARTH SCIENCES
51-64 50
Abstract
Introduction: the relevance of research on the development of the most comparatively less costly method is due to the need to increase the efficiency not only of prospecting and exploration, but also the development of oil and gas fields in Russia. A new method is proposed for identifying promising structures for oil and gas, based on theoretical ideas about the nature of central type structures (CTS), where a regular connection of CST radii with depths to geological and geophysical inhomogeneities is established, according to the law of shear stresses. Materials and research methods: the source materials of scientiic research are space imagery of various scales, data from soil, geobotanical, geomorphological (landscape-geoecological) studies to conirm the reliability of selected structures of the central type and liniment of various ranks. The main method is a little-known method of landscape-geoecological mapping, which is a logical improvement of the well-known method of group geological ilming. Research results: according to the concept of the nature of the central type structures (SCR), a regular connection has been established between the SCR radii and depths to geological and geophysical inhomogeneities and geodynamic centers. This is explained by the law of shear stresses, known in physics, which propagate at an angle of 45 degrees relative to normal (vertical). A new method for identifying promising structures for oil and gas has been developed, and a vivid example of using this method is given on one of the promising areas in Kalmykia, where the theoretical geological and tectonic model has been confirmed by geophysical and geochemical studies. Discussions and conclusion: the new structural-metric method is fundamentally new, relatively cheap and available for use, to some extent a signiicant addition and development of the well-known structural-geomorphological method, and to some extent analogous to the structural-metric method of Zhukov V. T., Lazareva, G. E., et al. (1999) [2].
RESULTS OF SNOW COVER FORECAST IN THE CAUCASUS REGION USING THE METHOD OF SINGULAR-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
65-76 28
Abstract
Introduction: Changes in the mode of winter precipitation and snow cover can be considered as a complex indicator of the climate of the cold season, reflecting changes in the temperature regime, precipitation mode, the frequency of thaws, etc. Water reserves in the snow play a decisive role during the spring flood, affect soil moisture during the sowing of spring crops and the growth of winter crops. The importance of knowing the patterns of distribution of precipitation during the cold period for assessing the agro-climatic resources of the republic, which includes snow cover, should be emphasized. Materials and methods of research: The forecast of changes in snow cover characteristics is no less important than the forecast of climate changes (temperature and liquid precipitation). In this work, based on the meteorological data provided by the North Caucasian UGMS, we obtained the averaged series of the average decade height of snow cover and the number of days with snow cover for the south of the European territory of Russia (ETR). Using the method of singular-spectral analysis ("Caterpillar" -SSA), the dynamics were analyzed and the prognostic capabilities of the SSA method for the height of snow cover and the number of days with snow cover in the south of ETR were investigated. The SSA method is a tool for analyzing and predicting one-dimensional and multidimensional time series. On the basis of the T-test, the effectiveness of the recurrent R-SSA forecast of the average annual height of snow and the number of days with snow cover is shown. Results of the study and their discussion: For all the meteorological quantities considered, the periodicity of their changes, the standard deviation, the maximum deviation and the relative error were obtained. As a result of the selection of the main components (1, 3, and 13), prognostic trends of changes in the studied variables were obtained, periods of their increase and decrease were revealed, and predicted values of the average decade height of snow cover and the number of days for the period 2018-2022 were obtained. Conclusions: As a result of the use of the method of singular-spectral analysis, the forecast of such snow cover characteristics of the southern ETR, such as the average decade height of the snow cover and the number of days with snow cover of the southern ETR for 2018-2022, was made. The identified general trends in the studied characteristics of snow cover in the south of the ETR for the period up to 2022 allow characterizing regional climate changes in the south of the European part of Russia as an integral part of contemporary global warming.
77-90 37
Abstract
Introduction. The relevance of the study of the tourist image of the North Caucasus in the views of the Russian population is substantiated. With the help of the historical-geographical method, four main stages in the transformation of the image of the studied macro-region are highlighted: «Caucasus is new territory and young re-sort», «North Caucasus is the breadbasket and health resort», «North Caucasus is hot spot», «Northern Caucasus is tourist center». Materials and research methods: The information base of the research consists of content analysis of the mass media and a sociological survey of the population. Content analysis is based on media monitoring of the information-analytical system Medialogia. The poll was conducted online; in total, three hundred respondents from nineteen subjects of Russia took part in it. As an integral characteristic of the perception of geographic space, the ratio of population to territory has been introduced. Results and discussion: Conducted content analysis revealed the geography of publications about the North Caucasus and its tourism industry. The study showed that the tourist image of the North Caucasus in the media space is very multifaceted and consists of a large number of elements that are divided into the following groups: natural features, cultural environment, brands, tourist infrastructure and service. A sociological survey showed how distorted the perception of the Russian population about the North Caucasus. Presented are mental maps of the borders of the North Caucasus, its most popular resorts, and a map of the most common associations with subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District. The analysis of positive, neutral and negative associations was carried out, their geographical patterns were revealed. Integrating the responses of the population, based on the ratio of the population to the territory, a typology of Russian regions was compiled by the nature of the perception of the tourist image of the North Caucasus. Findings: Based on the study, a number of conclusions were made about the structure, elements and features of the tourist image of the North Caucasus, its place in the federal and regional media space of Russia. The geographical determinant in the perception by the population of the tourist image of the North Caucasus is established.
91-104 41
Abstract
Introduction: The recent decades Russia has seen a sharp rise in the issue involving interethnic relations. Dagestan, as one of Russia’s most diverse regions from the ethnic & cultural stance, is of particular interest when it comes to studying the interethnic environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze the course of the ethnic processes that are underway in Dagestan nowadays, and to identify the major interethnic issues. Materials and methods: The article is based on the data from field research carried out in 2018. The main research tools included interviews among the local population, expert surveys involving the authorities, intellectuals, scientific and business communities, as well as visual observations. The individual data obtained through the fieldwork were compared to the official statistics. The study involved the method of key territories. Discussion: The major feature through all the polls was the opinion expressed by the local population stating there are no interethnic issues in Dagestan and no potential grounds for any interethnic confrontation, which is confirmed through lack of any xenophobic attitudes, the spread of tolerant practices, and positive attitudes towards interethnic marriages. At the same time, it is obvious that ethnic identities can be traced clearly along with the idea rejecting interethnic consolidation and the development of a single Dagestan nation. Polyethnic urban communities reveal interethnic processes going on as well as the formation of an urban identity. Two types of integration models have been identified. Conclusions: The outcomes of the study reveal the development of a specific polyethnic system shaping in Dagestan, whereas the system remains rather balanced ethnically & culturally. The ethnic processes reveal themselves through internal ethnic disintegration in local communities. Larger urban areas demonstrate clear integration trends and the spread of urban types of identity.
105-116 66
Abstract
Territorial development of urbanization in Russia, expressed in regional disparities, imposes its own characteristics on the involvement of different ethnic groups in urbanization processes. On the one hand, one part of the ethnic groups was involved in these processes at earlier stages (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc.), the other part of the ethnic groups remained on the "periphery" of urbanization, often preserving the traditional area of settlement, traditional way of life (for example, the titular ethnoses of the North Caucasus). From a scientific point of view, this fact requires special attention, as it is important to know which ethnic groups were involved in the urbanization processes in the early stages of industrial development of the country, signiicantly increasing its share in the structure of the urban population as a "locomotive" of urbanization and what their role in urbanization processes, and in the other hand, it is important to understand which ethnic groups are involved in these processes in the later period and at the present stage. Materials and methods of research: the author defines as the key criteria: the level of urbanization of ethnic groups, which is expressed in the indicator of the proportion of the urban population of the ethnic group from its total population; urbanization transition of ethnic groups, which means overcoming the proportion of the urban population of the ethnic group in 50% of its total population. In the course of the work the method of statistical analysis, and comparative methods that allow the most qualitative analysis of quantitative indicators. A special place is occupied by the use of the cartographic method, which allows to assess the spatial and temporal features of the development of urbanization in the country, including taking into account the peculiarities of the settlement of different ethnic groups. We used census data (Soviet Union) as the initial statistical information of the study 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, and RF 2002, 2010). The results of the research and their d the paper proposes a typology of ethnic groups according to the level of urbanization and urban transition. By the nature of participation in the urbanization process, ethnic groups are divided into the following types: the irst type - ethnic groups with an early urbanization transition, whose urbanization transition was recorded by the census of 1959 and earlier (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Georgians, Uzbeks, Armenians, Moldovans, Azerbaijanis, Latvians, Lithuanians); the second type form ethnic groups, in which the rate of more than 50.0% of living in cities was recorded by the censuses of 1970 and 1979. (Ossetians, Tatars, laktsy, Balkars, Germans); the third type - ethnic groups with late urbanization transition. The urbanization transition was recorded by the population censuses of 1989, 2002 and 2010 (Mordvins, Lezgins, Kumyks, Kalmyks); the Fourth type - ethnic groups with failed urbanization transition by 2010: a) ethnic groups approaching the urbanization transition - the share of the urban population is from 45.1 to 49.9% (Adyghe, Kabardians, Udmurts, Buryats, Bashkirs, etc.); b) ethnic groups with a specific weight of urban population less than 45.0% (Mari, Ingush, Chechens, Dargins, Kazakhs, Yakuts, etc.). The main conclusions and discussion: due to a number of geographical, historical and socio-economic reasons, some ethnic groups were included in the orbit of urban life earlier, others later. Common to all peoples was the tendency of increasing involvement in urbanization processes, while at the present stage a whole group of ethnic groups with a low level of this indicator is allocated.
117-130 81
Abstract
Introduction: In the Central Ciscaucasia, which represents the Stavropol Territory, such dangerous meteorological phenomena as thunderstorms, hail, heavy rain, strong wind, heat, and drought are most often observed. Due to the high frequency of thunderstorms, which are also often accompanied by intense downpours and hail, the study of both the modern thunderstorm mode and its dynamics is of particular interest. When solving the tasks of monitoring thunderstorm activity, the analysis of multi-year data of visual observations of thunderstorms has no alternative today. Materials and methods: The analysis of the current mode of thunderstorm activity in the region was carried out according to daily eight-term observations of sixteen meteorological stations in the Stavropol Territory. Analyzed as daily data - the time of development of the thunderstorm process, the actual duration of an individual thunderstorm, the number of thunderstorms during the day, and monthly and annual observational data - the number of days with thunderstorms, the total annual and seasonal duration of thunderstorms, the average duration of thunderstorms per day with thunderstorms. In addition, the characteristics of thunderstorm activity, averaged over various long-term observation periods, were calculated and analyzed. In addition, the aspect of the daily distribution of days with a thunderstorm - separate days with a thunderstorm and periods with daily thunderstorms, which was never considered by other researchers, was analyzed. Results of the research: An analysis of a half-century series of meteorological data showed that, in general, the Central Pre-Caucasus is an area of rather high thunderstorm activity. At the same time, the differences in the level of thunderstorm activity above the lowland, flat, elevated and foothill parts of the region are quite large. In the foothills of days with a thunderstorm, for the warm period of the year, twice as many as above the central, elevated part of the region, and three times more than over the northern, lowland lowland. Discussion and conclusion: Despite a slight decrease in thunderstorm activity in most parts of the territory, Central Ciscaucasia still remains an area of increased thunderstorm activity, as evidenced by both the relatively high frequency of thunderstorm processes in general and the scale and intensity of individual processes. A decrease in thunderstorm activity is noted in the flat part of the Central Ciscaucasia, in the central regions there are no significant changes in the thunderstorm regime, while in the foothill zone there is a significant increase in thunderstorm activity, manifested in an increase in the number of thunderstorms and the total duration of thunderstorms. At the same time, the average duration of a separate thunderstorm process, which has increased by 25 minutes on average over half a century, has even decreased over most of the territory in recent years. There is a tendency to decrease single days with thunderstorms and an increase in the frequency of occurrence of periods with daily thunderstorms. The frequency of night thunderstorms has also increased.
Nina Evgenevna Danilova,
Yulia Alexandrovna Semyonova,
Yulia Leontevna Smerek,
Robert Gurgenovich Zakinyan
131-150 31
Abstract
Introduction: Cloud convection causes hazardous weather [23]. So heavy rains and subsequent floods are a direct consequence of convective storms. Storm phenomena are often highly localized, so predicting why, where and when a storm develops is one of the most difficult problems in weather forecasting [10]. Today, operational numerical models often cannot predict the location and time of the onset of cloud convection when it is initiated in the skid layer, since these processes are not well represented in the models. However, the influence of these processes on the initiation of cloud convection is often noted in studies [25, 39], so that to predict the beginning of cloud convection requires knowledge of the thermodynamics and dynamics of the sub-cloud layer. Materials and methods: To predict the parameters of cloud convection, radiosonde data is used, which are plotted on the upper-air diagram. As a rule, it is assumed that the rate of ascending flows and overheating at the level of condensation are zero. But it's not always the case. Therefore, it is important to determine how the parameters of the surface layer affect the values of the parameters of cloud convection at the level of condensation. Results: In the article the mathematical model of a convection moist under-cloud layer atmosphere is developed. The mathematical model represents system of the equations of movements, heat conductivity and the continuity, recorded in a two-dimensional vertical plane. The analytical solution of the indicated system is received. Expressions for level of convection, level of the maximum velocity, for vertical and horizontal components ofvelocity, vertical distribution of temperature are established. From the indicated expressions the criterion of development under cloudy convections is derived. The received expressions allow derived in turn expressions for convection parameters on a condensation level. And it in turn allows derived criterion of development of a cloudy convection. It is established that development of a cloudy convection depends, as from absolute values of deficit of dew point in a ground layer, and in a greater degree from a vertical gradient of a mass fraction of a water vapor. In particular at critical value of a vertical gradient of a mass fraction of water vapor «explosive growth» convections is observed. Discussion and conclusion: Analytical expressions are obtained for the dew point deficiencies in the surface layer, which determine the values of the overheating function and the ascending flow rate at the condensation level. It has been shown that the development of subliminal convection is significantly affected by the value of the mass fraction of water vapor. It has been established that with the values of the gradient of the mass fraction of water vapor approaching the critical value, there is an "explosive" growth of convective cells in the sublayer. It is also shown that there is a critical value of the gradient of the mass fraction of water, contributing to the development of cloud convection.
Marina Aleksandrovna Simakhina,
Valentina Ivanovna Volkova,
Arthur Robertovich Zakinyan,
Anastasia Yurievna Didenko
151-167 40
Abstract
Introduction: forced lifting of large air masses is artificially difficult or such lifting will be, at least, economically unprofitable, as it will require the expenditure of large amounts of energy. Impacts on meteorological processes make sense, i.e. can practically be realized only on unstable states of clouds or the atmosphere, the potential energy of which can be realized in the right direction due to much lower energy costs. In other words, it is possible to artificially create upward movements in the atmosphere with a length sufficient to develop or intensify the processes of cloud and sedimentation, currently only using the potential energy of the convective instability of the atmosphere. This energy can be realized in the form of ascending movements (convective flows) as a result of heating relatively small volumes of air near the surface of the earth. Materials and Methods: To predict the parameters of cloud convection, radiosonde data is used, which are plotted on the upper-air diagram. As a rule, it is assumed that the rate of ascending flows and overheating at the level of condensation are zero. But it's not always the case. Therefore, it is important to determine how the parameters of the surface layer affect the values of the parameters of cloud convection at the level of condensation. Results of the research: The paper deals with the problem of artificially stimulating convection in order to develop cloud convection. An overview of the current state of this problem is given. The facts are cited when artificially created convection caused a cloud accompanying the rain. These facts stimulated scientific experiments in order to develop the scientific basis for influencing clouds and the atmosphere in order to artificially increase precipitation. Despite numerous experiments, we cannot at present claim a positive result of the effects. Moreover, at the ideological level, we cannot assert that we have the scientific principles of artificially stimulating convection in order to form cumulonimbus clouds. Therefore, this paper presents an assessment of the possible influence of artificially created surface convection on the development of cloud convection. Discussion and conclusion: taking into account the humidity of the sub-cloud layer leads not only to quantitative changes in the criteria that determine the parameters of cloud convection at the level of condensation, but also to qualitative changes. We see that a significant effect on cloud convection parameters at the level of condensation is not so much the value of the absolute humidity of the sub-cloud layer, as the mass water vapor gradient in the subcloud layer. If the surface layer of the atmosphere from the ground level to the level of condensation has a temperature gradient equal to, then all attempts at artificial stimulation due to heating are unsuccessful. If the thickness of the retaining layers is less than the specified layer, then they can be punched.
PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
7-20 38
Abstract
Introduction: the presented work continues the authors' research on the methods of the theory of approximation of functions of a real variable, given approximately, on the basis of their representation by integrals. Materials and methods of research: the paper studies the methods of representation of functions given approximately by their singular integrals in relation to the approximation problems, both the functions themselves and their derivatives. The problem of "recovery" of the function from approximate data is formulated, the basic concepts, definitions and approaches to its solution are briefly described. A numerical method for solving optimization problems of function approximation from approximate data is developed. The construction of the corresponding computational algorithm is carried out. The problem of «recovery» of derivatives of the function under study and approaches to its solution are considered. Research results and their discussion: a possible application of this theory is the problem of computational mathematics associated with the operators of generalized differentiation of summable functions and finding the so-called weak solutions for boundary value problems of mathematical physics. The practical significance of the results is that the proposed methods and approaches can be used in applied problems of the theory of approximation of functions, problems of applied analysis and boundary value problems of mathematical physics, using approximately given initial data obtained in the course of physical experiments or empirical functions.
21-30 33
Abstract
Introduction: Many mathematical models of continuum mechanics are formulated as linear and quasilinear differential equations. Symmetric analysis of these models is one of the most effective ways to obtain the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the physical processes described by them. The relevance of the study of the Westervelt model is due to the use of this model for calculating parametric sonar antennas and for calculating ultrasonic fields in medicine Materials and research methods: Research methods are: group (symmetry) analysis of differential equations and general methods of mathematical physics. Research results and their discussion: The three-dimensional Westervelt model of nonlinear hydroacoustics, which is important for applications, is investigated in the presence of dissipation. It has been established that among the invariant submodels of rank 1, this model has only three types of essentially different (not connected by point transformations) self-similar waves. These include the self-similar wave propagating along one of the axes of coordinates, the flat self-similar circular wave and the self-similar spherically symmetric wave. Integro-differential equations describing these self-similar waves are obtained. Under some conditions, the existence and uniqueness of such self-similar waves are established. Conclusions: In nonlinear hydroacoustics, the Westervelt model is used to study ultrasonic fields generated by high-power radiators. For the Westervelt three-dimensional model in the presence of dissipation, it was found that among the invariant submodels of rank 1 this model has only three types of essentially different (not connected by point transformations) self-similar waves. These waves are investigated. The presence of arbitrary constants in the obtained integro-differential equations describing these self-similar waves opens up new possibilities for studying other boundary value problems (other than those studied in the article) that have a physical meaning. The practical significance of this study is due to the use of the Westervelt model for calculating parametric sonar antennas and for calculating ultrasonic ields in medicine.
31-50 46
Abstract
Introduction: In this paper we study structures and related mechanical properties of a number of tool steels subjected to quenching cooling in a magnetic fluid with different contents of the magnetic phase under the action of a constant magnetic field of different intensity. The possibility of controlled quenching in a magnetic luid is determined by the dependence of the cooling intensity on the luid composition, the magnitude and degree of inhomogeneity of the magnetic ield created near the cooled surface. The different intensity of cooling causes different mechanisms of phase transformations in steel during the quenching process. Materials and methods: when choosing the object of research - samples of tool steels - proceeded from the regularities of phase transformations occurring in steels with different cooling intensities. The goal was achieved by the choice of steel grades characterized by varying degrees of stability of the supercooled austenite and, thus, a different value of the critical quenching rate, the cooling rate, which ensures only the diffusionless mechanism of austenite transformation. Results of the study: for the irst time it was found that by changing the intensity of the magnetic ield during quenching in samples of small sizes of steels with lowered stability of supercooled austenite, their hardness can be controlled. Discussion and conclusions: the results of the research made it possible to identify a new promising direction when using a magnetic luid as a quenching medium - performing hardening cooling.
ISSN 2308-4758 (Print)