Introduction: The relevance of a research is caused by a problem of deficiency of reserves of sweet waters in a number of regions of Russia and the industrial centers. The shortage of sweet water in many industries can be filled due to use of the sewage subjected, beforehand, to the corresponding processing. In the solution of strategic tasks in the sphere of an oil and gas complex of Russia of increase in volumes of extraction of hydrocarbons a specific place is held by such global raw resource as water. In this regard, article is directed to perfecting of methods of preparation of feedwater for the steam generators used for steam impact on oil layers for the purpose of increase in their coefficient of oil recovery. Materials and methods: In variety of methods of water demineralizing, as a rule give preference to the most economic and safe from the ecological point of view. Citing as an example a method of the continuous multistage softening on fundamentals of technology of the filters of the continuous action (FCA) the Analysis of methods and schemes of ion-exchange processing of salt waters shows that deep softening by the Na method - cation exchange received broad development owing to the following technological advantages. Results and discussion: Ways when carrying out several repeated experiences for the choice of the major most signiicant factors affecting on carrying out an experiment is required are known, rejecting chance value not giving in systematizations, receive reliable result. As a rule, for simpliication of calculated values and number of researches choose a method of the prior information. Application of a method allows to carry out ranging of all factors. Excess values are minimized, poor to a maximum on control indicators. Conclusion: The obtained experimental data on a research of a protests of regeneration taking into account influence of four defining factors and also the recommendations developed during their analysis to pass to development of new effective schemes of installations of ion-exchange water treatment Materials of article are of practical value for an oil and gas complex of Russia

Introduction: due to the low rate of solvents reaction with heavy oil at the reservoir temperature, solvent injection must be combined with thermal fluids. Solvent and thermal fluids injection order depends on reservoir geological and physical properties. The mechanism of heavy oil intensification from carbonate rock with single fracture by injection of solvents at various temperature and rate has been studied in this paper. Materials and methods: The rheological property of the heavy oil with solvents has been studied. Heavy oil samples and carbonate core of one field from Samara Region used as an object of research. For simulate longitudinal fracture the core has been cut before filtration experiments. Chemical compositions and individual substances were used as solvents. Results: The dependences of the heavy oil dynamic viscosity on the type and concentration of solvent for temperatures 20-70 °C has been defined. The dependences of the oil recovery factor on the system temperature and injected solvent flow rate for model of carbonate rock with single fracture has been experimentally determined. The mechanism of oil production (diffusion/ convective) during solvent injection has been calculated. Analytically calculated solvent penetration depth into the matrix depending on the time and the temperature of the core Discussion and conclusion: on the basis of analytical calculations, the low eficiency of solvent injection at reservoir temperature has been justiied due to the need long time for diffusion exchange. For the studied reservoir properties method for solvent injection and its composition have been proposed.

Introduction: The state of the environment is an urgent problem of the present time. Specially protected natural areas are the basis of territorial protection of the natural environment. The category of protected areas is determined by the law "on specially protected natural areas", each of which has its own characteristics of environmental activities. Depending on the status of protected areas, their mode of use is determined, but despite this they are subjected to various anthropogenic impacts. In this regard, there is a need for systematic monitoring of the dynamics of the state of geosystems and objective assessment of negative processes. In this article the complex monitoring of especially protected natural territories on the example of Tunka national Park and the Central ecological zone of the South-East coast of oz is considered. Baikal. Materials and methods of research: Tunkinsky National Park is located in the South-Western part of the Republic of Buryatia, this Park was created geographically within the administrative boundaries of Tunka district. Like the Tunka national Park, the coast of lake Baikal suffers irreparable environmental damage: the forest is cut down, the mouths of rivers are polluted, the coast is littered with garbage, the vegetation is trampled down and as a result of these impacts leads to the disappearance of rare plant species. Comprehensive monitoring includes the collection of operational information on the state of geosystems, quantitative and qualitative accounting for the processes of anthropogenic impact by laying test sites and detailed observation of them. Forest fire monitoring is the collection of information on forest fires and the area of damaged plantations for further prediction and assessment of the actual burning of forest geosystems. The process of natural regeneration of forests is studied on the felling and felling. Assessment of recreational load is carried out on the territories popular for tourists. Forest pathology and sanitary conditions of forest geosystems are assessed in the zone of anthropogenic impact and other factors. The results of the study and their discussion: Analysis of monitoring of forest fires showed a decrease in their number over the past 15 years, but the area of dead plantations reaches maximum values. According to the survey of plantations covered by fire, recovery is not expected in a large area of test areas. Weakened trees are susceptible to future insect infestation. The massive summer influx of unorganized vacationers leads to the excess of environmentally acceptable standards, which leads to a critical ecological and sanitary condition of the Park's geosystems and the South-East coast of the lake. Baikal. The renewal of forests in the Park is noted on abandoned agricultural land. The distribution of self-seeding is uneven, but viable. Findings: During the period of regular observations revealed that the main cause of death and weakening of the geosystems of the national Park "Tunkinsky" -forest fires, and on the South-East coast of the lake. Baikal is an uncontrolled tourist low. Adverse weather conditions have also had irreversible effects on the health of forest geosystems. This applies to phenomena that are catastrophic, such as mudflows, floods, windfalls. In the absence of thinning on the surveyed sample areas is predicted deterioration of forest plantations. In a depressed state, rare species of plants are exposed to recreational effects in the territories under consideration.

Introduction: Stavropol region covers an area of 66300 m². The relief of the region is diverse and is divided by absolute heights into low (less than 200 meters) and mountain (more than 500 meters). In this area, quite diverse zones are spread from the northern and northeastern semi-desert and steppe areas to the southern mountain-forest with alpine meadows and sterol glaciers. The marked variety of conditions for existence determines the diversity of the animal world of the Stavropol region, in particular, small mammals (MM). This analysis the confinement of small mammals to natural and anthropogenic biotopes to assess the impact of human activity on members of this group of animals. Materials and research methods: The material for this work was the collections of the autos during expeditions of stationary observations in various landscape zones of the Stavropol Territory in 2011-2018. Rodents were captured annually by various triads in the winter before the start of breeding, in early summer and in autumn in the end of breeding according to standard. During the reporting period 26700 traps-days wave worked out, as result of which 4086 small mammals were caught. Altogether, 10 species were observed in the study area in most of the territories. The Lessen Forest Mouse prevailed in the population structure of the MM, semi-desert landscapes of the Pre Caucasia-the house mouse. The greatest number of MM in the conditions of the Stavropol territory in all landscapes were noted in the end of summer the beginning of autumn, the minimum-ache end of winter early spring. Species composition is represented by the following species. The results of the study and their discussion: MM was monitored in various landscapes-climatic zones of the Stavropol Territory. In the forest-steppe landscapes zone, trap-days wave spent on captures individuals of rodents. In the province of forest-steppe landscapes of the region were spent 8100 trap-days, 1580 individuals were caught. The species composition is represented by 10 species of which the dominate species were: Small Forest Mouse (EID-40,1%), House Mouse (EID-27,5%). In the province of steppe landscapes in 2011-2018. Spent 14000 trap-days captured 1882 individuals MM. Species composition is represented by 9 species: forest small mouse (EID-44,4%) is dominate species. In the province of semi-desert landscapes of the region for study period spent 1300 trap-days, as a result caught 95 individuals MM. Species composition is represented by 4 species: House Mouse (EID-45,3%) is dominate species. In the province foothill, steppe and forest-steppe spent 3300trap-days, caught 529 individuals MM. Species composition is represented by 8 species: Little Wood Mouse (EID-73,1%) is dominate species.

Introduction: The study of the Quaternary glaciations of the Central and Western Caucasus began at the end of the nineteenth century. taking into account the experience of European scientists to study the Alps. The dynamics of the glaciers of this time were most fully examined by the example of the valley of the left tributary of the Kuban - Teberda. Other areas of the Western Caucasus have been poorly studied. The route studies using geoinformational methods for the interpretation of satellite images provided additional information on other river valleys of the Kuban and hard-to-reach areas of highlands. This allowed to bring to a certain system the magnitudes of the lengths of glaciers of ancient glaciations to distinguish the final stage called the "Little Ice Age". Materials and research methods: In this work, three-dimensional modeling of the studied territories and cartometry were applied to clarify the ield research materials using the calculation of the lengths of linear spatial objects, relief in particular, over a given surface using the ArcGIS 3D Analyst module. SPOT 7 satellite images (spatial resolution of the panchromatic survey in the 1.5 m nadir) and SRTM data were used as material for creating 3D-models of the territories and SRTM data, which were used to construct digital models of the relief of the territories (spatial resolution = 90 m). Research results and their discussion: According to the research results, new information was obtained about ancient glaciations in hard-to-reach areas of the Main and Lateral Caucasus ranges and those areas where these studies were not conducted. These data allowed to systematize the points of view of different authors on this problem. Conclusions: One stage of the Middle Quaternary phase and eight stages of the retreat of glaciers of the Upper Quaternary glaciation phase have been identified. The finite moraine ramparts of the Karakel, Gonachkhir, Amanauz, Alibek and Ptysk stages in the valleys of Teberda and Uchkulan are best preserved. They form a stepped longitudinal proile of the bottoms of the trough valleys that cross the Lateral Ridge. Here, extensive flat areas of the "lake rosary" alternate with steeper sections of the river beds. The moraines of the Dzhemagatskaya and Teberdinskaya stages are not actually preserved and the borders of the glaciers can be conditionally traced only along the "lake rosary". At the same time, a comparative analysis of data on the location of the final staged moraine shafts and the "lake rosary" of the early stages in the studied region showed close values of the distance between the "tongues" of glaciers and the field of nutrition. Traces of the Ptysh and Chotchinsk stages can be traced in all the river valleys of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, but not always in their entirety. Cases of the formation of intermediate stage moraines of the Gonachkhir stage in the Uchkulan valley (2 km downstream from the main moraine) were noted. Application of the method of correlation of the stages of the final moraine shafts using the absolute altitudes of the location proposed by GK Tushinsky, turned out to be in demand only within a particular river basin. For example, the final moraine of the Amanauz stage in the glaciation stages, trough valleys, "lake rosary", stage

In the article the peculiarities of the dynamics of the number of offenses in Russia for 1990-2014 are studied. The geography of crime within the Russian Federation has been determined. Significant differences in the dynamics and the level of crime by federal districts and regions of the country are revealed. The reasons of the differences, as well as the geocriminological factors (risk factors) that affect the state of crime in a given region are determined. It is justified that one of the main reasons for the growth of crime in our country is the deterioration of people's living standards. Particular attention is paid to the latency of crime, as well as to the increase in crime rates in the Central Federal District. The geography of the main types of crimes against the person is shown. Materials and methods of research: To calculate the crime rate, geographers most often use the simplest indicator - the total crime rate (TCR) - the ratio of the number of crimes per year per 1000 inhabitants (in %). tCr is quite simply calculated and is very convenient for comparing the level of crime in different territories. However, due to a very complex structure of crimes, their severity, the influence of various factors, the latency (secrecy) of crimes, etc. TCR provides only an approximate assessment of the situation. As a result, many other special indicators are used in geocryminology. The results of the research: The increase in crime rates in 1990-2014 occurred in all federal districts with the exception of the North Caucasus. At the same time in the district in 2002-2004 TCR was less than 10 %% and in 2005-2007 - more. Then there was a decline in TCR. As a result, the PCR of the North Caucasus was 2.1 times less than the average Russian indicator. In regions with a high level of crime (Zabaykalsky and Primorsky Krai, Khakassia, Tyva and others) there are many common geocryminological factors (risk factors) and one of the main factors, with abundant natural resources, there is extreme poverty of the population, its degradation. The top five regions with the lowest crime rates in 2014 included the Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia and the Tula region. Crime latency in the North Caucasian republics was noted above. However, in the North Caucasus "work" certain factors that actually affect the reduction of crime. So, in Chechnya, there was a fairly tough regime, signiicantly limiting crime. Local traditions also play an important role as they have a great inluence in other republics as well. The only non-North Caucasian region included in the «ive» is the Tula region, in which, along with the Ryazan and Belgorod regions, there is indeed a low crime rate. Conclusion: A decrease in crime rates (or keeping them at the same level) is possible with an improvement of the economic situation, decrease in the level of unemployment, real improvement of living conditions of the population.

The cloud systems fields accompanied by dangerous natural phenomena are under research. To prevent their hailing in 1967 shop-floor applications on protecting agricultural crops from hail damage began. The combined method and methods of competition and process acceleration of sludging within hail and expected hail forming areas were applied. The analysis of the results has showen that average physical activity of anti-hail works in the Russian Federation is 80-98% and in the Republic of Georgia is 75-85%. Hailfall was stipulated by organizational and technical causes; poor investigation of conditions of cloud fields forming; the lack of objective criteria and seeding schemes of hail-damage and hail clouds; ill-timed and insuficien treatment of hail growth and expected hail forming areas by anti-hail rockets «Alazan» equipped with particles of argentum iodide reagent. Materials and Methods: applied the materials of visual and remote observation methods of cloud systems developing, scientific monographs and articles, reference books and the Clouds Atlas, annual reports on anti-hail works of paramilitary services of the Central Caucasus region; physical and statistical evaluation methods of statistic parameters of cloud systems ields based on parametric and non-parametric research techniques. Results: the peculiarities of cloud fields forming in different scales synoptic processes have been discovered; the areas of cloudbursts, light, moderate and disastrous hail damage depending on radar data with probability of 90% have been graphed; the equations for estimation of quantity application rate of AHR «Alazan» and shooting intensity in hail clouds have been derived; the probability of diagnosis and super short-term forecast of heavy squalls depending on aerosynoptical and radar data of cloud ields have been graphed. Discussion and conclusions: many of the abovementioned problems have been practically solved in author's patened works and are successlully applied in anti-hail protection of the Stavropol krai paramilitary services.

Introduction: Free convection is a very complex and far from studied process. It is very complex in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, mantle and core of the Earth. This is due to their huge size, which leads to an inhomogeneous distribution of temperature, density and pressure fields. In addition, the rotation of the Earth is superimposed on it, which makes it even more difficult to determine the temperature, pressure and velocity fields. It is essentially the root cause of almost all movements in the atmosphere. The energy of most movements in the ocean is 80-90% caused by the convective movements of the atmosphere and 10-20% by free convection that occurs in the ocean itself. Materials and methods: To determine the conditions for the occurrence of dry air convection within the two-dimensional model of convection, consider the equation of motion of an ideal fluid in the Euler-shaped plane in an inertial frame of reference, without taking into account the Earth's rotation [2, 4]: ди ди ди if dp) - + u - + w- = - - dt dx dz p\\dx)' dw dw dw if dp) - + u - + w- = - - \\-g dt dx dz p\\dz) . Results of the study: Cells are in the nature of shafts. This type of convection is most common in the atmosphere. Discussion and conclusion: Thus, we have found an analytical solution of the two-dimensional model of Rayleigh thermal convection of dry air in the atmosphere. Analytical solution is obtained for the stationary case. This means that for this type of motion there is a steady state like an attractor.

Introduction: Waves in the atmosphere play an important role, as they determine both the intensity of weather-forming phenomena and the speed of their movement. The truth remains the question of the reason for the excitation of planetary waves. They can be excited by processes occurring in the lower atmosphere, as well as their cause may be disturbances of the stratosphere. In any case, having formed, the planetary wave will influence the processes occurring in the troposphere. Therefore, the study of the speed of their distribution is a pressing problem in weather forecasting problems. Materials and methods: The system of equations describing the large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere is complex and cannot be solved in general. Therefore, refer to the procedure of linearization of equations. The extent to which it is valid remains open, since the waves can be non-linear and the whole variety of phenomena is determined precisely by their non-linearity. Consider the movement of dry air, described by the equation of motion of an ideal fluid in a non-inertial reference system, taking into account the rotation of the Earth: ^ + (v,V)v =_g-0V_/)₊ 2[vco_o] Results of the research: The result is a complex equation of the 4th order. Consider the limiting cases: high-frequency and low-frequency oscillations. In the case of high-frequency oscillations, we can write: ю⁴ -(2co_0z)² Яа(у_А -y)yk_z +(2w_0zf Ryk² = 0^,ю = (1 ± i) фО (^Ry^kz )^1/4 = <°r ± Щ^, ®x=4Ry^kzj^lA'Discussion and conclusion: Thus, having considered the system of equations describing the dynamics of internal gravity waves in the atmosphere, after linearization we obtained the dispersion relation. The system of equations was solved in the f-plane approximation, i.e. Coriolis parameter was considered constant. At the same time, it was believed that the density of air in the state of static atmosphere obeys the barometric law. Within the troposphere, this assumption is acceptable.

Introduction: Despite the presence of a large number of theoretical and experimental works of Russian and foreign authors (for example [1-3]), the problem of scattering of warm fogs and low layered clouds (LLC) remains unresolved to the present time. Of the variety of warm fog scattering methods proposed to date, only thermal ones are the closest to achieving the expected result. Not fully solved the problem of the instrumental determination of the horizontal and vertical extents of the zone illuminated by artificial dissipation of fog and LLC. Materials and methods of research: In this paper, a thermal method of methods of scattering of warm fogs and LLC, based on the use of high-temperature sources of thermal energy. The sources used were explosions of thermal charges, which increased the temperature and pressure in the fog and LLC. This rise leads to the evaporation of the mist in the treated area. Developed laser radar device to measure the physical ef-iciency of the artiicial dissipation of warm fog and LLC. The device is used in stationary conditions on the ground and on Board the Yak-40 laboratory aircraft. Results of the study and their Discussion: Under the thermal method of fog and LLC scattering, droplets crossing the shock wave front are crushed into smaller droplets and evaporate under the action of increasing pressure and temperature during the explosion in a cloud medium. The formulas for calculating the excess pressure and temperature in the fog during the explosion of thermal charges, the time of complete evaporation of droplets and the radius of the zone of enlightenment in the fog are obtained. Calculations have shown that the excess pressure and temperature in the fog in the explosion of heat charge increase with increasing charge. The temperature at the front of the shock wave is still noticeably higher than the temperature of the undisturbed air at distances up to 200 meters from the explosion site. If the explosion of heat charge occurs at a low altitude (1... 2 m) above the ground, the complete evaporation of fog drops is observed in a radius of 800 m and more. Conclusions. The thermal method developed by us makes it possible to create zones of enlightenment by small explosions of a thermal charge under the influence of temperature and pressure increase on a compression wave in comparison with their values in the unperturbed air. When a small charge explodes, a cloud of expanding explosive gases appears, the thermal radiation of which evaporates droplets of cloud formation and creates a zone of enlightenment in the fog up to 800 m. the Laser-locating device with a laser emitter IZ-25-1 at a wavelength of 0.532 pirn with high accuracy (4...5 m) determines the boundaries of the fog scattering zone.

Introduction: Fields of perturbation of pressure, density and speeds at a geostrophic state of atmosphere The general (global) atmospheric circulation (OCA) is understood as the totality of air currents (winds), which is the horizontal extent (scale), which allows you to get the size of the material and the oceans. Airflow systems such as westerly transport in temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, trade winds of subtropics, monsoons, string currents, a system of motion in planetary waves, cyclones and anticyclones. Atmospheric circulation is determined by a number of factors that are unevenly distributed across the globe and the Coriolis force. As is known, the geostrophic state of the atmosphere is its basic stationary state. In this case, the pressure perturbation field remains unknown to us. Therefore, in this situation, proceed as follows: the actual pressure field determines the speed of the geostrophic wind. It turns out that the geostrophic state is uncertain. In this paper, a solution is proposed for pressure and density perturbation ields corresponding to the geostrophic (stationary) state of the atmosphere. Results of the research: for pressure and density perturbations we get: P--2a>_0zPe ,⁰ Ak\\x+k₂y\\ p'=0=^=p_e *₂--а(УА"У)(*1Лг+М From here for the projections of the speed of the geostrophic wind we obtain the expression 1 dp' 1^2m0zPe ф2_+к^2c°0zPe dx ф2_+к2 Discussion and conclusion: Thus, the analysis of the linearized system of equations of atmospheric dynamics is carried out. This system includes the equations of motion in three projections on the coordinate axes, the continuity equation and the heat equation. It is shown that the zero vertical component of the velocity is a consequence of the stationar-ity of the temperature perturbation. As a rule, this fact is simply postulated and is included in the definition of the