Introduction. The need for functional zoning of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) is due to the need to choose the most effective methods for protecting landscape and biological diversity, the presence of limited economic activity permitted on the territory of the protected landscape, as well as the recreational attractiveness of the territory of the Beshtaugorsky reserve. The need for zoning is explained by the diversity of natural complexes, the types of impact on them by various groups of visitors and the local population, and the corresponding management methods.

Materials and research methods. The information base for the study was the materials of field studies of the influence of recreation on landscape components in the Beshtaugorsky reserve of the growing seasons 2021–2022. To identify the types of economic activity, multi-temporal remote sensing data (Landsat) were used. Spatial data processing was carried out using the geographic information system Qgis 3.10.

Research results and their discussion. Modern methods of processing spatial data made it possible to identify the main types of land use of the Beshtaugorsky reserve, to map valuable resources and centers of high biodiversity, the growth of specially protected species. In the course of the work, the recreational load on 38 test sites was studied and mapped. The degree of influence of recreation is described, the stages of recreational digression of sites are determined. The result was the creation of a recommended scheme for the functional zoning of the reserve with the allocation of 4 zones within the boundaries of the protected areas and 2 outside the boundaries of the protected areas.

Conclusions. Functional zoning of protected areas is a recognized effective method of territory modeling. The division of the Beshtaugorsky reserve into separate areas with recommended types and modes of use should contribute to the planning of management measures, the elimination of conflicts in nature management and the conservation of valuable biological resources through spatial and temporal restrictions.

Introduction. The article examines the territorial structure of football on the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District. Spatial analysis of the functioning of professional football clubs has shown the presence of several periods of football development in the region. At the present stage, the territorial structure is narrowed, the professional level of football has been preserved only in the regional capitals and cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Two types of intraregional territorial structure of football are distinguished. The monocentric type is characteristic of Chechnya, Ingushetia and Karachay-Cherkessia. During the transformation, the monocentric structure also became in Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia and Dagestan. Stavropol Krai is characterized by a polycentric territorial structure.

Materials and research method. In the course of the study, a spatial analysis of the development of professional football clubs was carried out, methods of comparative geographical and historical geographical description and analysis were used.

Research results and their discussion. Four stages in the development of the territorial structure of football in the NCFD have been identified. At the moment, there is a reduction in the number of professional football clubs and a contraction of their territorial network. This reduction occurred sequentially. The large number of clubs in the region in the early 1990s is explained by the transition from the Soviet football hierarchy and the rise of semi-professional clubs in the Russian football league system. In 1994, there was a sharp decline in the number of football clubs in the region. By the end of the 1990s, the football network was recovering and growing. A new decline occurred in the second half of the 2000s. After a short period of stability in 2014, the maximum compression of the network occurs. To date, the number of clubs has grown slightly.

Conclusions. Professional football in the NCFD has gone through different periods in its development and has experienced a transformation – from a deep underdeveloped periphery in the Soviet period through expansion and development in the 2000s to compression and simplification in modern times. There are four periods in the change of the territorial structure of professional football in the region, each of which had its own characteristics and the main centers of the region. At the moment, the territorial structure of football is narrowed, it has been preserved only in the regional capitals and cities of the CMW, which was primarily due to economic reasons. Two types of intraregional territorial structure are distinguished – monocentric and polycentric. The main centers of the territorial structure of football in the region are regional capitals.

Introduction. The study is devoted to a comparative analysis of the spatio-temporal features of life expectancy in Muslim countries of Southwest Asia in 1990–2020.

Materials and research methods. Statistical data from the United Nations, the World Bank, the UNESCO Institute of Statistics and the World Health Organization were used as sources. Various research methods were used, including comparative geographical, graph-cartographic, and correlation analysis. The dependence of life expectancy on economic resources was revealed using the Preston curve.

Research results and their discussion. The general and country trends of changes in life expectancy in the region are investigated. The peculiarities in the change in the difference between the life expectancy of men and women have been established. A typology of countries by life expectancy and the nature of its change is proposed. The main factors affecting life expectancy are identified, in the frequency of mortality, per capita spending on education and health care, the value of GDP (PPP $) per capit.

Conclusions. Life expectancy in most Muslim countries of Southwest Asia is higher than the global average, significantly differing between them. There are three groups of countries – with high, above average, average and low life expectancy. Each group is characterized by different rates of change of the indicator. The average life expectancy of women is higher than that of men within the same limits as in most countries of the world. However, the instability of the geopolitical situation in the region leads in some cases to a significant increase in the gap due to the increase in male mortality. The value of life expectancy depends on a set of factors, but the most significant among them are mortality, per capita income, and the development of healthcare.

Introduction. In recent years, the volume of funds used in the practice of weather modification has been growing in the world. Silver, the main component of weather modification funds, is a rather expensive metal. Therefore, the issue of reducing the silver content in the formulations of pyrotechnic compositions or the use of other effective ice-forming agents is relevant. Zinc oxide, like silver iodide, has ice-forming properties. When zinc is sublimated in water vapor, clusters of nanotubes of various sizes are formed. In this regard, experimental studies of the mechanism of ice formation on clusters of zinc oxide nanotubes seem to be an urgent task. The results of these studies are presented in this article.

Materials and research methods. During thermal sublimation of reagents nanoscale particles are formed. These particles combine into clusters. The shape and size of these clusters, as well as their ice-forming properties, depend on the thermodynamic state of the medium in which they are formed. Tests of the ice-forming efficiency of such reagents should be carried out in conditions in clouds. This article presents the results of laboratory modeling of the formation of ice crystals during the interaction of zinc oxide clusters consisting of nanotubes, and the results of their comparison with the pyrotechnic composition AD–1 used in practice of weather modification, which is used in anti-hail products of the type «Alazan–6» and «Alazan–9» [1].

Research results and their discussion. The article presents the equipment and methods of performing experiments to study the ice-forming properties of clusters of zinc oxide nanotubes obtained in a cloud chamber during zinc sublimation in the presence of water vapor. The experiments were carried out on laboratory installations in the temperature range from –3 to –14 °C. The effectiveness of a reagent based on clusters of zinc oxide nanotubes has been investigated and compared with the effectiveness of the pyrotechnic composition of AD–1. The research results are presented in Tables 1–6 and Figures 2–7.

Conclusions. In the course of laboratory experiments, a method for studying the ice-forming properties of clusters of zinc oxide nanotubes has been developed. When the pyrotechnic composition of AD–1 is sublimated, particles with a diameter from 20 nm to 400 nm with a modal value of 70 nm are formed. Zinc oxide clusters have a porous, loose structure, low density and larger sizes, almost two orders of magnitude larger than the sizes of silver iodide particles. Large ice crystals are formed on them. The total area of crystals formed on clusters of zinc oxide nanotubes is an order of magnitude larger than the total area of crystals formed on particles of the pyrotechnic composition AD–1. The reagent consisting of zinc oxide clusters is comparable in ice-forming characteristics to the pyrotechnic composition of AD–1 and can be recommended for practical use.

Introduction. This paper presents the results of monitoring the natural spring waters of Stavropol. The complex analysis includes hydrochemical and microbiological analyses. The research of spring water samples was carried out in a period from autumn to spring, 2021–2022, a total of 45 samples from five springs in Stavropol were analyzed – Koryta, Chasha, Mikhaylovskiy, Kholodnyy and Serafima Sarovskogo.

Materials and research methods. Sampling was carried out in accordance with GOST 31861-2012. Water. General requirements for sampling. Hydrochemical and microbiological analysis was carried out in accordance with SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water of non-centralized water supply. Sanitary protection of sources.

Research results and their discussion. According to the results of hydrochemical analysis of water quality, contamination of Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe was detected during all periods of the study. There was also an excess of the norm in terms of chlorides in all springs in spring, 2022. It was determined that the WPI and quantitative estimation of microorganisms vary significantly both by sampling dates and by springs. The highest rate of WPI was noted for the Mikhaylovskiy spring in the spring of 2022, and quantitative estimation of microorganisms does not exceed acceptable limits.

Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the use of spring water in Stavropol in case of an emergency without risks to public health is possible only from springs – Koryta, Chasha and Kholodnyy, but with preliminary additional cleaning and for a short time.

Introduction. A significant impact on the geological environment of the Republic of Ingushetia and the development of dangerous slope processes is exerted by the construction, reconstruction and operation of highways, which make significant changes to the natural environment of mountain slopes. The article provides an assessment of the degree of activity and danger of landslide and landslide-talus processes on the highways of the republic for 2005–2022.

Materials and research methods. The key method used in this work was the analysis of various materials containing information on the activity of the manifestation of landslide and avalanche-talus processes on the highways of the Republic of Ingushetia. The main sources used were literary sources, reports and published data of the Center for State Monitoring of the State of the Subsoil (GMSN) of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Hydrospetsgeology» for 2005–2022.

Research results and their discussion. The authors characterized the conditions and causes, as well as assessed the activity and danger of landslide and landslide-talus manifestations on the highways of the Republic of Ingushetia for 2005–2022. The paper provides information on the extent of the destruction and deformation of the roadway.

Conclusions. The analysis of the activity of landslide manifestations on the roads of the Republic of Ingushetia over the past 18 years has shown that the greatest extent of landslide activity was observed in 2010, 2016 and 2017, and a very weak degree of activity was observed in 2008. The maximum landslide activity on the roads of the republic was observed in 2005 and 2013, and the minimum – in 2019. According to the results of the study, the sections of the republic’s highways that are most susceptible to landslide and landslide-talus processes have been identified. The performed analysis indicates the predominant development of landslide manifestations on the roads of the Malgobek administrative district, and landslide-talus – on the roads of the Jeyrakh district.

Introduction. Forecasting the intrusion of formation waters into the reservoir determines the time of watering wells and, therefore, is necessary for planning and implementing measures to limit water inflows. The study of the geological structure of gas and gas condensate deposits during the development of oil and gas condensate fields makes it possible to identify the main causes of the occurrence and development of water cut in well production. The forecast is based on the study of the ways of breakthrough of bottom and contour water from the aquifer. Also, in the process of hydrochemical control, it was determined that water breakthrough occurs due to the rise of the GWC and the violation of the tightness of the annulus [1, 2].

Materials and research methods. On the basis of field studies, it was shown that the depression funnel in the current period of development in the Aptian-Cenomanian aquifer complex was formed as a result of the exploitation of gas deposits in the Urengoyskaya and Yen-Yakhinskaya areas [3, 4]. According to the methodology of I.P. Cholovsky, the entropy of reservoirs was determined by dissection as a measure of heterogeneity in the interval of opening a productive reservoir. As a result of the analysis, the mechanism of well watering in the area of distribution of the factors of net-to-grossness and heterogeneity was revealed [5–7]. It has been determined that the intensity of water intrusion largely depends on the porosity and permeability properties (PRP) of the rocks of the deposit and the watershed. Therefore, the rate of GWC rise and the change in saturation are associated with the features of the lithological and tectonic structure of the section within individual sections of the deposit of operating production wells [8, 9].

Research results and their discussion. Most of the wells in operation at the Urengoyskoye field have a minimum porosity factor of 24%, and the net-to-gross ratio of the reservoirs in the formation interval is at least 85%. The analysis of the geological structure during the development of gas deposits in the Urengoyskaya and Yen-Yakhinskaya areas made it possible to determine the causes of the occurrence and development of water cut in well production. It is based on the study of the ways in which formation waters enter the well from the aquifer. Irregularity in thickness and area, as well as significant sandiness of clay layers causes a close hydrodynamic relationship of the layers. Therefore, the weighted average values of the analyzed parameters can be taken as the boundary conditions for predicting watering and putting the well into operation after carrying out measures to limit water flow. To predict the success of waterproofing work, an analysis of the geological factors of sand content and heterogeneity along the section was also carried out. As a measure of heterogeneity in the perforation interval, the entropy of reservoirs was determined by stratification. According to the chemical analysis of samples taken from the wells, geophysical studies of the current position of the GWC and the results of measures to limit the inflow of water (WRI), the boundaries of the sectors were determined.

Conclusions. Forecasting well watering at this stage of development of gas deposits in the Far North fields is very relevant, as it necessitates the formulation and solution of the problem of production and treatment of natural gas with a high content of formation water in well production. Based on the results of the analysis of the reasons for the downtime of the well stock, taking into account the geological structure, the location of clay interlayers and the permeability of productive horizons, it is recommended to carry out geological and technical measures (GTO) on the wells. Thus, for wells with sufficiently thick shale interlayers up to 5.0 meters, it is necessary to carry out (MOW) by installing cement bridges in the zone of shale interlayers. It is also recommended to re-perforate and then re-inject the water-proofing composition with additional cement in wells with clay interlayers of a small thickness of more than one meter with alternating productive interlayers of small thickness.

Introduction. With the expansion of offshore drilling and the distance of fields from the coastline, the number of production wells located in difficult underwater geological conditions is increasing, which complicates research. For example, the Yurkharovskoye field is located in a strip along the Tazovsky Peninsula under the waters of the Kara Sea. At the same time, the data obtained from the results of research are necessary when calculating reserves and designing the development of hydrocarbon deposits.

Materials and research methods. Modeling of the operating conditions of the field under various thermodynamic conditions was carried out in order to determine the effect of water vapor and oil fractions on condensate losses during the development of the deposit [6–9]. The experiments were carried out to determine the amount of condensate in the reservoir gas, the physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons, and the effect of heavy oil fractions on condensate recovery [5, 10]. Prediction of condensate losses in the reservoir depending on the influence of negative factors must be taken into account when calculating hydrocarbon reserves and drawing up a field development project [11, 13].

Research results and their discussion. In the studied part of the section of the Yurkharovskoye field, located on the shelf of the Taz Bay, gas deposits were identified in the Aptian-Albian-Cenomanian complex and gas condensate deposits with oil rims in the Neocomian complex. The selection of development objects was based on a set of geological and geophysical data, the main of which are the presence of reservoirs and seals in the section and a single hypsometric position of the GWC or WOC in the case of an oil and gas condensate deposit. Correlation of well sections and identification of productive formations was based on the choice of benchmarks, the similarity of well logs, taking into account the nature of reservoir saturation and well test results. As a result of experimental PVT studies, the influence of water vapor and oil fractions as an integral part of the hydrocarbon system on the reservoir losses in the deposit was determined. The analysis of the performed studies confirmed that multicomponent hydrocarbon systems consist of a mixture of gas, condensate and water vapor, as well as oil fractions, which significantly changes the properties of the system and the dynamics of its phase processes during the development of the Yurkharovskoye field.

Conclusions. The conducted PVT-experiments in order to identify the effect of water vapor and oil components that are part of natural gas showed that the predicted current and final condensate recovery factors are overestimated. An analysis of the research results revealed a different effect of water vapor on reservoir losses of hydrocarbons in the deposit due to an increase in partial pressure. In the presence of formation water in the gas condensate system, the CFC value decreased to 4-5%. Thus, the reason for the increase in reservoir losses of condensate in the deposit during the development of oil and gas condensate fields on the shelf of the Kara Sea was determined.