Introduction. The current stage of the development of local history is characterized by an increased interest in the most valuable results of scientists of the XX century. An active study of the information collected and systematized by them is underway. By 1917, local history took a significant place in cultural and social life of large and small cities. There was a wide range of educated people engaged in local history research, and a generation of local historians emerged. Local history societies, museums and clubs sprang up everywhere. They formed the real scientific basis without which it is difficult to imagine the further development of local history. Vladimir G. Gnilovskoy made a great contribution to the development of geographical local history and brought it to a new level but the main views of the scientist remain insufficiently studied.

Materials and research methods. The research was based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The use of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis made the great contribution to the in-depth study of historical phenomena in the field of geographical local history. The paper uses a comparative historical method and a system-functional analysis of the material using a problem-chronological approach. The method of quantitative analysis allowed us to track the dynamics of local history works of various types over the entire period under review. Scientific legacy of V. G. Gnilovskoy is largely determined by the reliance on the works of his predecessors, their critical analysis which allowed us to complete a certain stage in the accumulation of empirical information about the nature of Stavropol. The paper uses a comparative-historical method and a system-functional analysis of the material using a problem-chronological approach. The method of quantitative analysis allowed us to trace the dynamics of local history works of various types for the entire period under review.

Research results and their discussion. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the contribution of V. G. Gnilovskoy to the development of geographical local history. To achieve this goal the work of local historians – the predecessors in Stavropol in the XIX – early XX centuries was analyzed and the research activities of V. G. Gnilovskoy were systematized. The main approaches and principles of geographical local history in the works of V. G. Gnilovskoy were identified as well as the key ideas of popularization and educational activities of the scientist in the field of geographical local history were summarized.

Conclusions. Systematization of research activities V. G. Gnilovskoy allowed us to identify two main areas that most of the scientist's works belong to: a) scientific work in the field of geomorphology; b) research activities in the field of historical geography. His long-term scientific research and discoveries enriched the geographical knowledge of Stavropol and gave an impetus to further more in-depth and comprehensive research. All the results of his research activities V. G. Gnilovskay tried not only to publish but also to convey to the public. Having identified the key ideas of popularization and educational activities in the field of geographical local history we can conclude that V. G. Gnilovskoy made a great contribution to the organization and conduct of public education activities.

Introduction. In the article, based on the analysis of a theoretical review of literature sources and reliance on a program-targeted approach has been developed conceptual scheme and program for a comprehensive study of youth migration for two contrasting regions of the South in many respects European Russia - Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Dagestan.

Materials and research methods. The source materials were publications of domestic and foreign authors on youth migration issues in recent years thirty years.

Research results and their discussion. The analysis showed that most of the studies youth migration is based on the analysis of statistical data and using various, including qualitative, sociological methods. Publications of an empirical nature predominate and reflect the results specific studies at country or regional levels. Developed conceptual scheme for studying youth migration in the peripheral territories of the South of European Russia using the example Stavropol Territory and Dagestan includes problem statement and determination within its framework of a specific goal, formulation of problematic questions and hypotheses, spatiotemporal framework of the study; his information and tool base. Feature Comparative Research Program spatial differentiation of youth migration in Stavropol region and the Republic of Dagestan includes five stages: preparatory - collection and systematization of statistical and documentary information about youth migration in the Stavropol Territory and Dagestan; sociological research; analytical – identification of spatial features youth migration in Dagestan and Stavropol Territory; practical – development of applied aspects, implementation of research results in practical activities of the authorities of the Stavropol Territory and Republic of Dagestan. Each stage includes intermediate goals, methods their achievements, a list of planned results.

Conclusions. The current state of research in the field of youth migration, approaches to determining basic concepts The presented concept of youth migration research, reflects the main author’s approaches to its study and acts theoretical basis for the implementation of a program-targeted approach when developing a program for specific research on migration processes in youth environment in the South of European Russia.

Introduction. Two agglomeration-type settlement systems have formed in the Stavropol Krai, – the monocentric Stavropol agglomeration and the polycentric agglomeration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (the CMW). At the present stage, demographic processes in the Stavropol Krai most intensively occur within the “borders” of the represented agglomerations; migration processes are observed leading to the population being drawn into the centers of agglomerations, which increases their role in the settlement system.

The purpose of this study is to compare the spatial and demographic dynamics of agglomerations in the Stavropol Krai, highlighting common features in demographic processes and features characteristic of each agglomeration.

Materials and research methods. The work uses data from the Office of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Stavropol Territory (from 2012 to 2021), population census materials (1989, 2002, 2010, 2021), documents from territorial planning and urban planning, our own observations and field results territory research. Based on these data, a general description of the Stavropol agglomeration and the CMW agglomeration is given, spatial organization of settlement is analyzed, and current trends in its demographic development are determined.

Research results and their discussion. In the course of the study, the authors analyze the birth rate, mortality, natural population growth, migration processes, population dynamics, and the ethnic composition of the population of each agglomeration of the Stavropol Territory. The analysis was carried out at the level of cities, urban and municipal districts, which makes it possible to assess intra-agglomeration processes, whether they are uniform for the entire agglomeration or have spatial patterns.

Conclusions. The analysis of demographic dynamics of two agglomerations of the Stavropol Krai allows the authors to draw conclusions. The Stavropol agglomeration and the agglomeration of the Caucasian Mineral Waters act as centers of concentration of the urban population in the Stavropol region and are the main areas of attraction for migrants. Agglomerations are characterized by increasing numbers and natural population growth. Migration population growth, which is currently declining, has contributed to an increase in population throughout the post-Soviet period. Currently, agglomerations have concentrated the significant demographic potential of the Stavropol region.

Introduction. Thunderstorm activity refers to one of the regional climatic characteristics of a limited area. Thunderstorms result in lightning discharges and an increase in the electric field strength of the surface layer of the atmosphere. Considered lightning discharges, which are divided into positive and negative. The number of thunderstorm days recorded on the territory of the KBR for the period from 2012 to 2022 was analyzed and calculated. It is shown that the relief and climate of the study area contribute to the heterogeneous development of thunderstorm processes.

Materials and research methods. The lightning direction finding network of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "VGI" with spatially separated sensors LS8000 and LS7002 was used in the work. To determine the characteristics of thunderstorm activity, we used long-term data from the specified lightning direction finding network. The analysis of data from the LS8000 lightning direction finding system (GPS) confirms that ground-based lightning is unevenly distributed over the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. For the analysis of thunderstorm activity, data over the period 2012 to 2022 were used. The following characteristics were studied the long-term course: the number of thunderstorm days in different months of the year; the total number of lightning of all types registered in the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic; number of lightnings of negative polarity; number of registered positive lightning; values (peak) of lightning currents in ground discharges; average air temperature for the warm period of the year.

Research results and their discussion. During the studied period of time on the territory of the KBR, 869 days with a thunderstorm were recorded by the lightning registration system. A day was considered a thunderstorm if at least four lightning strikes were recorded per day. The largest number of days with 90 thunderstorms were noted in 2016 and 2018; the smallest number of days with thunderstorms was noted in 2022. This year, according to the data of Roshydromet, weather stations on the territory of the KBR, was marked as the driest year. The average annual number of days with thunderstorms in the considered time interval was 79 days, which is 19 more than recommended for lightning protection measures.

Conclusions. The analysis performed showed a trend towards a decrease in thunderstorm activity on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as well as the values of the number of lightning per year of negative polarity. Linear trend expressions for the indicated characteristics are obtained.

Introduction. The article studies the peculiarities of the use of renewable energy sources in the Stavropol province of the post-reform period, mainly in the field of flour milling, which added most to the well-being of both local population and the population of adjacent regions.

Materials and research methods. The study analyzes historical statistical data reflecting the state of the flour milling industry of the Stavropol province in the post-reform period. The research is based on open literary sources of the XIX–XX centuries. Research results and their discussion. In the course of the study, the dynamics of the number and territorial features of the placement of windmills and watermills of the Stavropol province for the post-reform period were analyzed. The state of flour milling in the Stavropol province of the XIX and early XX centuries is characterized, and an overview of the features of the use of various types of mills in agriculture is given. Data on the current state of alternative energy in the Stavropol Krai are presented.

Conclusions. The use of renewable energy sources in the Stavropol province for grain processing prevailed until the second half of the XIX century, and the various territories of the Stavropol province were heterogeneous in the quantitative composition of the types of mills used. By the beginning of the XX century, water and windmills were being replaced by steam mills, the stability of which was less affected by the weather and climatic conditions of the territory.

Introduction. On the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, avalanche-talus processes have become widespread mainly in the mountainous regions of the republic. The article provides an assessment of the extent, activity and danger of avalanche-talus processes on the territory of the republic for 2005–2022.

Materials and research methods. The key method used in this work was the analysis of various materials containing information on the activity of the manifestation of avalanche-talus processes on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Literature sources, reports and published data of the Center for State Monitoring of the State of the Subsoil of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Hydrospetsgeology” for 2005–2022 were used as the main ones.

Research results and their discussion. The authors characterize the conditions and causes, the extent of the spread, and also assess the activity and danger of avalanche-talus manifestations that occurred on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in 2005–2022. The paper provides information on the extent of destruction and deformation of settlements and economic objects under the influence of these processes.

Conclusions. Information is given on the location of avalanche-talus manifestations on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and their characteristics, the extent of destruction and deformation caused by them. During the studied period of time, about 120 significant landslide-talus manifestations were recorded on the territory of the republic, the volumes of which, in most cases, did not exceed 200–250 m3, the largest landslides reached 30 thousand m3. The largest scale of landslide-talus activity was noted in 2006 and 2008, and a very weak degree of activation was observed in 2015 and 2020. The majority of active landslide-talus sites (more than 90%) were recorded on the highways of the republic. The most significant degree of their activation was noted in the Chegem and Elbrus administrative districts of the republic.

Introduction. The article analyzes the changes in moisture content of the soil in the south of the European territory of Russia (ETR) associated with climate warming. It is shown that both in the foothill and steppe climatic zones there is a tendency to decrease this parameter, which greatly increases the relevance of developing methods to reduce risks in agriculture associated with droughts. A model based on different vulnerability of agricultural crops to this dangerous weather phenomenon is presented, the results of model calculations for the conditions of the steppe zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (KBR) are presented.

Materials and research methods. When conducting research, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient was used as an indicator characterizing the moisture content of the soil. The values of this coefficient were calculated using data from 13 weather stations on the amount of precipitation and air temperature for 1961-2018. The development of a risk reduction model in this paper is considered within the framework of decision theory. As a target in the problem, you can use a function that describes the gain or loss of agriculture. Using this method of choosing an action to reduce risks avoids the formation of a set of actions from which it is necessary to choose the most appropriate one.

Research results and their discussion. The results of the calculations carried out in the work showed that the consequence of climate change in the south of the EPR will be a significant deterioration in the conditions for the production of agricultural products. The consequences of such a trend will be extremely negative for agricultural production in the area. As a result of solving the problem, it is possible to determine the optimal structure of crop production from the point of view of the criterion used, taking into account the probability of droughts. As such a criterion, the maximum expected volume of crop production was used, taking into account the impact of droughts.

Conclusions. A method has been proposed to reduce the losses of agriculture from droughts, taking into account their different vulnerability to various crops. The model was written in the framework of linear programming, which makes it possible to determine the optimal structure of agricultural production in terms of the criterion used. The method can be used in regions with different production and economic conditions.

Introduction. Effective forecasting of development indicators and further exploitation of oil and gas condensate fields require operational data on the composition and properties of fluids. As part of the work, based on experimental PVT studies and analytical diagrams, the influence of non-hydrocarbon components on the thermodynamic processes of the reservoir mixture of the Mastakh field was determined. Different solubilities of heavy fractions of hydrocarbons in nitrogen and helium have been revealed. Materials and research methods The methodology for conducting thermodynamic studies and adjusting fluid dynamic properties using analytical diagrams can be divided into several stages: preparing recombined samples, conducting PVT experiments, processing research results. Using the methodology of Gazprom VNIIGAZ LLC, the influence of non-hydrocarbon components on condensate losses in the deposit was determined for the conditions of development of the Mastakhskoye field.

Research results and their discussion. The Mastakh gas condensate field is confined to the brachyanticlinal structure of the same name. It has a sublatitudinal strike along a closed isohypse. The arch is complicated by dome-shaped uplifts, the most significant of which are the western and eastern ones. The western rise has a fairly flat and extensive arch. The fault has not been opened in any of the wells. However, indirect signs indicate its presence.

The amount of undersaturation of the reservoir system is not high (1.15–1.3), high (up to 1.5) and depends mainly on the abnormally high reservoir pressure. Other reasons for this phenomenon may be the peculiarity of the formation conditions of the deposit or the shift of an already formed deposit. In addition, a significant thermodynamic characteristic is the dissolving ability of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components in the gas composition. For the initial conditions of the Mastakh field, a difference in reservoir pressures between the roof and the gas-water contact can be traced. There is a change in the content of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components over the area of the deposit.

Thus, as a result of comparing the experiments performed, it was established that the presence of nitrogen and helium in the mixture has different effects on the process of precipitation and loss of hydrocarbons in the deposit.

Conclusions. Thus, the data obtained made it possible to determine the influence of non-hydrocarbon components on condensate losses in the deposit and on changes in the properties of the gas condensate system during the development of the Mastakh field. The different degrees of solubility of condensate in the presence of nitrogen and helium, as well as their effect on reservoir losses of hydrocarbons at the stages of pressure reduction, were determined.

Introduction. The inability to accurately predict the hydraulic fracturing gradient (fracking) occasionally leads to catastrophic consequences, for example, to the disclosure of natural cracks in the object, which was not planned. It results in very expensive problems during the construction of the well. The hydraulic fracturing gradient is an extremely important parameter that needs to be taken into account when designing the well wiring.

Materials and research methods. To simulate hydraulic fracturing, laboratory complexes are often used, where experimental studies of rock samples taken in the well are carried out. The article presents a scheme for determining the propagation velocity of longitudinal and transverse waves in laboratory conditions in order to calculate the Poisson’s ratio.

Research results and their discussion. The system works by exciting an ultrasonic acoustic wave at the end of a cylindrical core sample, followed by recording the arrival times of waves at the end of the core end. Knowing the length of the core sample, the velocities of the longitudinal and transverse waves are calculated. The velocity is equal to the ratio of the length of the sample to the time of arrival of the wave at the opposite end of the sample. However, often core samples taken from the well in which it is planned to perform hydraulic fracturing are not always representative, often in practice there is a low percentage of core sampling. The article presents a method for calculating some initial parameters for modeling hydraulic fracturing, based on field and geophysical data. The calculation includes the application of a comprehensive analysis of the data of geophysical studies of wells by broadband acoustic logging and the results of numerical calculations of the physical and mechanical properties of rocks.

Conclusions. The information obtained allows one to quickly and efficiently perform the necessary calculation of the strength properties of the walls of the well, perform hydraulic fracturing efficiently, determine the characteristics of the elastic medium practically on a real-time scale, as well as design other technological processes using the fundamental laws of underground hydrodynamics and analysis of the results of geological and field studies. It should be noted that in the absence of logging material by the broadband acoustic logging method, it is proposed to use the data of standard acoustic logging, the implementation of which is regulated in all wells during their construction, and through it to calculate the speed of the transverse wave run based on tabular values of the velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves in rocks.