Introduction. The article discusses the issue of wells flooding and rise of the oil-water contact (WOC) by the example of North Caucasus fields. Flooding character of oil fields wells is given depending on rise of oil-water contact and the position of absolute levels for lower perforation holes. Materials and research methods. Field data, measurements taken in the wells of oil fields in the North Caucasus, the results of experimental and laboratory studies are used. The research methods consist in analyzing and summarizing information about the complex of reservoir hydrodynamic characteristics (for example, small oil fields in the North Caucasus), about the sources and nature of the inflow of bottom and bottom water during the operation of wells based on the study of analytical relationships between formation pressure in the hydrodynamic system, volumes of oil withdrawal and the amount of incoming formation fluid from the peripheral zone. Research results and discussion. Some processes of oil wells flooding were studied by the example of Vorobyevskaya area. The main sources of water inflow during the development of oil wells are identified. As a result of control over the development of oil wells of Vorobyevskaya area, it was established that the flow of water into the waterlogged wells occurred through vertical fracture channels. At the intersection of vertical fractures with more permeable horizontal fractures and in the presence of a pressure gradient in the bottomhole zone water began to move along the horizontal fractures to the wells with their subsequent flooding. Changes in the hydrochemical parameters of water samples taken at different dates in the wells of Vorobyevskaya area are considered. Conclusions. It has been established that the main source of water inflow during the development of the area's oil wells is formation bottom and peripheral waters which are part of the sedimentation basin of the East Stavropol Depression. In wells located inside oil-drainage line the source of water is the overlying aquifer thermal layer. The oil field is confined to a hydrodynamic trap that is it corresponds to the classical model. The structural and lithological floating oil reservoir in the northern part is controlled by the replacement of fractured reservoirs with clay mudstones, in the southwestern and eastern parts of the area with oil-water contact carried out according to the results of well testing. The mode of reservoir development during oil withdrawal at the initial stage is ensured by the elastic capacity of the hydrodynamic system and then through the introduction of peripheral and bottom formation waters. The drop in reservoir pressure in the field hydrodynamic system depends on the volume of oil withdrawal and inflow of formation water from the peripheral zone. The state of field hydrodynamic system depends on the introduction of bottom and peripheral formation waters.

Introduction: the Cenomanian deposit of the Urengoy oil, gas and condensate field (UOGCF) is at the advanced stage of its development. The decrease of terrastatic pressure and the rates of operational wells with production tubes of large diameter (168 mm) is the reason of its stops due to the accumulation of liquid at the bottom for expulsion to the torch. Materials and research methods: one of the possible technical solutions to provide operational stability of watering out wells is the application of concentric tubing (CT) which is implemented on one of the wells at the UOGCF. In these circumstances, an intelligence system for controlling the flow of borehole products along the central and annular production tubes channels was used to control the productive characteristics of the well in conditions of flooding with condensation water. Research results and discussion: The descent into the well of an additional small-diameter production tube (73 mm) at low terrastatic pressure was carried out without well kill and allowed to maintain the productivity of the reservoir. Conclusion: The analysis of the parameters of the concentric tubing usage and the adopted design solutions made it possible to identify and determine the prospects for maintaining the high efficiency of such usage.

Introduction: the relevance of researching a complex of remote and geophysical methods for searching for hydrocarbon deposits is due to the need to increase the efficiency of not only prospecting and exploration, but also the development of existing oil and gas fields in Russia. The research provided will help in identifying new hydrocarbon deposits, as well as relatively reduce the costs of their exploration. Materials and research methods: the starting materials and methods of these studies are a comprehensive interpretation of the Nurin-Hag ring cosmophotomalancies (CCFA) in Kalmykia [4]. And also, the materials of the work «Creating a digital model of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the territory of the Ciscaucasia» [2]. Research results and discussion: as a result of the interpretation of the research data, new results are shown on integrated remote and geophysical methods for searching for hydrocarbon deposits and identifying the most promising territories using the territory of the Central Ciscaucasia as an example. Conclusions: An operational, thoroughly reasoned and economically feasible forecast of hydrocarbon accumulations is currently unthinkable without the use of a complex of magnetic and gravitational methods. These methods are becoming not only integral, but also the irst link in the search for oil and gas in various regions of the country and the world.

Introduction. Surveys of vegetation for individual steppe and forest formations are relevant for the purposes of regional typological work and the creation of a classification system of vegetation cover in the Stavropol Territory. In-depth knowledge of the structure of the vegetation cover and improvement of the typification of chorological units based on geobotanical descriptions is one of the urgent tasks of botanical and geographical surveys. The results of our research may be necessary both for the purposes of botanical geography (mapping and regionalization), and for assessing the real phytocenotic diversity of taxa of different levels. Therefore, the authors of this work set themselves the aim to identify composition and structure, diversity and specifics of tree and grass communities, the nature of their spreading across forest-steppe landscapes of the Stavropol Plateau. In the authors point of view this will make it possible to actualize the works on inventory and monographic generalization of materials on Stavropol Plateau vegetation. Materials and methods of research. The main factual resource for the work was the data collected by the authors during expeditionary reconnaissance studies on the territory of the Stavropol Plateau in 2016-2019. Coenotic surveys in key areas, collection and processing of field materials were carried out using commonly accepted geobotanical methods. A number of names of critical plant species are given in accordance with the floristic reports “Flora of the European part of the USSR”, “Flora of Eastern Europe”, “Abstract of the Caucasus Flora”. Research results and their discussion. Based on geobotanical study of the natural flora of Stavropol Plateau forest-steppe landscapes we conclude that flora of the study region within the eight key areas includes at least 227 species of higher plants. Conclusions. 1. Our studies show the diversity of vegetation across forest-steppe landscapes of Stavropol Plateau north-west borders. The region’s vegetation is peculiar both in floristic composition and in its structure, and is determined by the heterogeneity of ecotopes. In the course of field surveys, ecologicalphytocenotic features and distribution patterns of individual elements of the forest-steppe complex of the rivers Russkaya and Verbovka interfluve were established, which are primarily associated with the nature of the soil cover, the temperature regime and the water-physical properties of local soils. The article presents the phytocenotic diversity of key areas. Climax communities and herbal communities at different stages of succession are represented on plateau-like surfaces armored with a limestone slab, in the upper reaches and on the slopes of the valleys of the Russkaya and Verbovka rivers. 2. Geobotanical characterization of the current state of vegetation in study areas allows us to consider them as key units in detailing and large-scale mapping of the actual vegetation cover of the forest-steppe Stavropol territory. The collected factual data will help to reveal the structure and area ratios of the main components of the vegetation of the forest-steppe landscapes of the northwestern borders of the Stavropol Plateau. The typology of forest-steppe vegetation outlined in this report can be detailed and refined in our further work. 3. The results of our study of typical forest-steppe plant communities can have the use in large-scale mapping of vegetation of the Stavropol Upland, which will allow us to reveal more deeply some elements of the legend of a large-scale geobotanical map. 4. The studied phytocenoses contain a lot of relict, endemic and other rare species (Vitis sylvestris, Stipa pulcherrima, Astragalus demetrii, Adonis vernalis, Anemone sylvestris, Crocus reticulatus, Globularia punctata, Gypsophila glomerata, Orchis morio subsp. picta, O. purpurea, Ornithogalum arcuatum, Paeonia tenuifolia, Scilla siberica, Thymus daghestanicus, Tulipa biebersteiniana) which allows us to consider the studied landscapes as promising protected areas.

Introduction. In recent years, on the territory of the Stavropol region there is a tense situation with many natural focal infections-tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, leptospirosis and others. The causative agents of these human diseases live in local biocenoses, however, there are also infectious (West Nile fever). Identification of natural foci, monitoring of their epizootic activity and determining the level of risk of infection of people are necessary for the adoption of certain preventive measures to protect the population of the region. As without a full system of monitoring the situation in nature, the risks of epidemiological disasters will increase every year [1 ]. Materials and methods of research. The collection of material was carried out in various regions of the Central Caucasus in 2014-2019 during this period we worked 7800 traps/day, caught 571 specimens of mouse-like rodents. In time of the catching rodents used conventional Zoological and parasitological methods. Observations of the number of small mammals (MM) -one of the main components of epizootological survey, which was carried out on the basis of various methods of quantitative accounting Mm. Meanwhile, the focus was on the examination skird some of ometov, structures, surrounded by natural habitats, and thickets of bushes, hills and ravines, plots of ruderale vegetation, agriculture crops, forests, aquatic biotopes, colonies of rodents, abandoned and temporarily used buildings, and other places of high risk of human infection with tularemia, leptospirosis, HFRS (recreation areas, places of agricultural products, etc.) Results and Discussion. For 10 months of 2019 in the Stavropol region cases of tularemia are not registered, for the same period of 2018 registered 2 cases. In the study of bacteriological method 50 samples of Ixodes mites (583 individuals), 172 samples of small mammals (606 individuals), 5 samples of water, 5 samples of hay, the culture of the causative agent of tularemia was not isolated. During the speciied period, 158 samples from small mammals (dry drop of blood from 158 individuals) were examined by serological method (RNGA), as a result, antibodies to the pathogen tularemia were found in 28 samples from 7 regions. Conclusion. On the basis of epidemiological, epizootological and laboratory studies, it can be concluded that the activity of the natural focus of tularemia on the territory of Stavropol Krai is preserved. In places of the greatest concentration of rodents local epizootics are possible, sporadic morbidity of people is not excluded.

Introduction. The subject of the research is the evolution of the landscape sphere of the geographical envelope in the civilizational fields of culture of human society, which led to the development of polarization processes of the system «Man-Nature» relationship and to the formation of the evolutionary range of landscapes from primary natural through ethno-cultural to modern cultural. Research in this direction can be used for the development of theoretical and methodological foundations and methods of research of modern landscapes in the framework of evolutionary landscape studies and General geography. Materials and methods of research. This research is based on the key geographic concepts, principles and approaches developed in the Russian geography, considered from the standpoint of evolutionary landscape studies, the doctrines of the geographical envelope, landscape sphere and geographical environment. The most important of them are: the system and geographical approaches, the concept of geographical determinism, the principle of functional polarization of the territory. Research results and their discussion. The evolutionary range of modern structural elements of the landscape sphere is considered on the example of the North Caucasus landscapes, which is a great polygon for the study of modern landscapes, represented by a wide variety. Influenced by the law of zoning in the macroregion of the North Caucasus, polarized modern landscapes are formed in accordance with the modern natural zones allocated by A. G. Isachenko. Conclusions. The study of the complex and diverse spectrum of modern polarized land- scapes of the Earth requires geographers to return to a holistic perception of geographical reality and geographical thinking in the context of new geography using a comprehensive set of paradigms and concepts of General geography. Because it is impossible to understand the complex mosaic of the modern landscape sphere (natural, social, economic, cultural and other issues) and the features of the living environment in which modern humanity lives without the participation of geographers. Moreover, it is impossible to successfully address the issues of sustainable development of society. At the same time, the concept of geographical determinism, which has always been inherent in geography, should play an important role here.

Introduction. The article discusses the methodological aspects of the spatial-sectoral approach to the development of rural development programs in Russia. Materials and methods of research. The factors determining the vectors of development of rural territories of the region and justifies the scenario of implementation of methodological procedures to obtain the necessary information about the achieved level of spatial and sectoral capacity for systems analysis and creating forecasts of its development. Research results and their discussion. A block model of the spatial-sectoral approach and a step-by-step algorithm for its implementation in the regional socio-economic system are developed. Conclusions. The proposed method allows the development of strategies, plans and programs for the development of agricultural-oriented territories on the basis of a systematic account of the selected basic elements of spatial and sectoral potential.

Introduction: The resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters (CMS) is a unique territory that has a variety of recreational resources: hydromineral, mud, climatic, and excursion. On the basis of numerous recreational resources at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. the largest balneological centers of the country were formed - the resort towns of Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentuki and Zheleznovodsk. During the XIX-XX centuries. there was a formation of the resort region. Materials and methods of research: The article analyzes the documents on the development of medical and spa areas in the USSR and shows the features of their implementation in the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters in the Soviet period. The nature of development, the formation of the economy and the development of infrastructure in the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters are traced. Research results and their discussion: In the Soviet period, the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters turned into the largest sanatorium-resort complex of the country; the cities of Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk and Zheleznovodsk acquired resort significance on an all-Union scale. In the Soviet period, large-scale resort construction took place, including resort infrastructure, and the improvement of resort towns. Conclusions: The formation of the resort region of Caucasian Mineral Waters, the speciics and nature of its development in the Soviet period were determined by the resort function of the region.

Introduction: A tourist map is a necessary resource for working with spatial orientation. Its main task is to visualize the tourist and recreational potential of the territory, which is necessary both for tourists and for specialists and researchers in the tourism industry. In Russia, the creation of tourist maps of regions, individual tourist clusters and resorts for the development of domestic tourism, a rapidly and actively developing direction in the economy, is especially important. The paper presents the author's experience of creating large-scale tourist maps and plans for resort cities using geo-information technologies and graphic editors. Testing of the identified features of mapping was carried out on the example of the resort town of Kislovodsk. Materials and research methods: ArcGIS Pro was used as the base GIS program. The graphical editor Illustrator is used as an additional tool for visualizing cartographic data. The information base for compiling the tourist map of the resort town of Kislovodsk was: registers of cultural heritage sites of federal and regional significance, open data of the Federal State Registration Service, cadastre and cartography, data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation. The results of the study and their discussion: tourist maps are distinguished by the applied value of displaying the territory and are aimed at the mass consumer who are not familiar with the intricacies off scientific cartographic analysis. It is worth taking into account that tourist cards are perceived individually. In this regard, several features of their design were identified: simplicity, brilliance of the objects depicted, the need to build 3-D models in the territory where the relief is the main natural recreational resource, the use of intuitive colors when displaying surfaces Conclusions: the identiied features and methods of geographic information design of tourist maps were tested during the development of the layout of a large-scale tourist map of the resort city of Kislovodsk. In the course of the work, the features of the planning organization of the city for mapping tourist and recreational resources and conditions were identified, as well as a geo-informational assessment of the potential audience for using tourist maps was carried out.

Introduction: the relevance of a research is caused by need of improvement of techniques of a research of ice-form efficiency as the existing methods of determination of efficiency do not allow to obtain rather full information on ice-form efficiency of full-size land aerosol generators. The purpose of article consisted in data acquisition about an exit of ice-form particles for full-size land aerosol generators at different speeds of wind in a ground layer. Materials and methods of research: the laboratory technique based on use of the small aerodynamic stand which allows to model conditions of natural dilution of an aerosol stream during the operation of the generator is used. Results of research and their discussion: dependences of ice-form effciency of generators on the size of initial speed of dilution of concentration of aerosol particles and also on extent of masking of a surface of burning of pyrotechnic structure are received. It is revealed that at a small speed of dilution of concentration of aerosol particles (about 1.5 m/s) extent of masking of a surface of burning of pyro-structure has no significant effect on efficiency of the generator. Conclusions: authors drew a conclusion that at a small speed of dilution of the initial concentration of aerosol particles of ice-form reagent peculiar to land generators, Brownian coagulation of ice-form particles leads to fast reduction of the general concentration of particles in a stream, it is necessary to consider when developing modern techniques. It is shown that it is necessary to apply pyrotechnic elements without masking of a surface of burning of pyrostructure to pyrotechnic land generators that considerably simplifies a pyroelement design.

Introduction: according to the data of artificial Earth satellites images the current method of cloud fields and cloud systems (CFCS) classification is being improved. As a quantitative indicator of their macrostructure peculiarities the numbers of cloudiness types (cloud amount), which are underlain into further improvement of the current methods of cloudiness fields and synoptical processes, methods of geographical demarcation, short-run diagnosis and the forecast of evolution of cloudiness and precipitation fields, have been applied. The task of the current methods improvement: Materials and research methods: of geographical demarcation included estimating the determination of climatic reproducibility of existence of these or those cloudiness types (cloud amount) accounting dangerous weather phenomena and combining on this basis identical sections of the chart of the region under study; of synoptical processes classification consisted in the optimal distribution of sample units in the minimum number of classes which were determined in the process of solving the classification task. The improvement of the semi-automated forecast of synoptical processes classification lay in the development of method of forecasting cloudiness fields evolution over the Caucasus prior to 24 hours. the images of artificial Earth satellites, synoptic maps, reference books, scientific monographs, the Clouds Altlas, physical and statical methods of evaluation of cloud fields and cloud systems characteristics were applied. Research results and discussions: the probabilities of forming general cloudiness and cloudiness of different types (cloud amount) have been calculated; the charts of probable forming of general cloudiness with the range of 20% and particular cloudiness types with the range of 10% have been made and the districts of their intensive development have been identified; the current methods of classification of cloud fields and cloud systems evolution, geographical demarcation and classification of the synoptical processes of the Caucasus and adjacent territories have been improved; short-run forecast of cloud fields and cloud systems as well as precipitations amount prior to 24 hours has been developed. Conclusions: many of the tasks mentioned above have been practically solved in author's works. They have been successfully applied in forecasting institutions and anti-hail protection services of the region under study.

Introduction: with the advent of geographic information systems in Russia in the early 90-ies of XX century, a dynamically developing market began to form. Today we are witnessing significant transformations in the information sector in General and in the geoinforma-tion sector in particular. At the same time, there are practically no works analyzing the changes in the structure and dynamics of the market of geoinformation products and services in Russia, the demand for directions among employers, the satisfaction of graduates with their education and the overall state of the market, which is structured in three main directions: navigation, Geoinformatics, remote sensing. Materials and methods of research: the information base of the study was the volume of costs for geoinformation services and software in the context of the subjects of Russia. Site-based www.zakupki.gov.ru [2] intraregional expenditures for geographic information services, software and equipment in 2006 - 2017 were calculated. Research results and their discussion: the register of the most popular educational institutions training specialists in the field under consideration is compiled. There are 3 types of institutions, which are training programmes in the field of cartography, Geoinformatics and geodesy with high ratings, as well as the characteristic uniformity of this educational network in Russia. In addition, the article compares training centers, placement of the main companies specializing in this area of work and lists of vacancies in the main areas. The estimation of professional demand of graduates of Geoinformatics in the conditions of the modern market is given. Spheres of application of professional skills of graduates are considered, and also the main changes of the market of vacancies on the example of the North Caucasian Federal University are described. The results of the survey of students and graduates educated in the field of geoinformation technologies are presented. The process of employment of graduates of the North Caucasus Federal University in 2008 and 2016 for their specialization and priority of different areas of application of the knowledge in the field of Geoinformatics is considered in more detail. The opinion of experts on a number of professional issues was also taken into account. Conclusions: as a result of the study, it was possible to determine that the market of geoinformation products and services is undergoing a major transformation today. Geodetic sphere gives its leading position to modern navigation technologies. A large turnover of the market is observed in Western Siberia, Moscow and Leningrad regions, in addition to the Republic of Crimea. Along with this, regions such as the Krasnoyarsk territory are experiencing a signiicant shortage of specialists. The main share of graduates-Geoinformatics work by profession, their expectations during training often coincide with the real conditions of work after the University.

Introduction. Air pollution is one of the urgent problems of our time. Pollutants entering the human body have a negative impact on the work of internal organs, mucous membranes, immunity, and cause the growth of cancer. In Russian cities, the main sources of anthropogenic air pollution are industrial enterprises, motor transport, oil production and oil-refining, etc. In this paper the pollution of atmospheric air emissions of oil products from the use of petrol stations on the example of the city district of Nalchik (South of Russia) is considered. Materials and methods of research. For calculation of the emission characteristics a methodological guidance for estimating pollutants’ emissions into the atmosphere from reservoirs are used. To assess the degree of emissions’ negative impact, there are carried out calculations under the program «Ecologist-4.5», which implements methods of dispersion of pollutants’ emissions in the air. All these methods and the program are approved in accordance with the established procedure. Research results and their discussion. The maximum-single and annual emissions of motor fuel vapor components are given. Results of calculations of pollutants’ dispersion are described, as an example the map of dispersion of one of pollutants is showed. It was found that at the border of the living zone there is no excess of the maximum permissible concentration for all substances. Conclusions. The results show that the annual emission of pollutants even at one of the 25 petrol stations of the city district of Nalchik is significant. Therefore, it is necessary to do much work to reduce it.