The object of the study is the microelene composition of soils under the mountain meadow vegetation of the Western Caucasus in the Arkhyz area. The work uses traditional methodological techniques for studying the microelentic composition of the soils of mining regions: field soil and geochemical studies, cameral processing of materials and analytical generalizations. It was established that the formation of the microelene composition of soils under the mountain-meadow vegetation in the highland zone of Arkhyz is determined by the special conditions inherent in this part of the Western Caucasus: a high level of solar insolation throughout the year, increased moisture and a large number of incoming organic residues in the soil. Chelating organomineral complexes, Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides, the products of aluminosilicata in the form of hydrospree, chlorites, and minerals of kaolinitis acts as phase and lumber soils of the region. The predominant binding with chelat organomineral complexes is characteristic of Zn and Cu, which have a high affinity to organic matter in an acidic environment. Consolidation on Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides, clay minerals is characteristic of almost all microelements under consideration to varying degrees, depending on the gradation of strength of the formed connections. Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that the manifestations of the natural features of the development of the soil cover of the studied territory are strengthened by the role of chelating organomineral complexes in the binding of microelements in the soils and weakening of the influence of primary minerals products on the distribution of metals according to soil profile. The main zones of the accumulation of microelements in mountainmeadow soils are intracrene geochemical barriers-biogeochemical, sorption and alphahumus. The anthropogenic effect on the soil cover of the high-mountain landscapes of Arkhyz is locally pronounced and is not significantly reflected on the microelene composition of soils.

The current state of the population income is characterized by high polarization, resulting in growing problems in the social sphere, which can lead to instability and unrest in society. In this regard, the state pays special attention to the growth of the population well-being: the growth of the standard and quality of life, as well as the population income, are defined as strategically important areas for the development of our state. By the level of differentiation of the structure of consumer spending, we can talk about the degree of development of individual territories, and, accordingly, about the living standard of the population. Consumer behavior is one of the main indicators of the living standard, which is the main factor in the migration motivations of young people. Using the example of the steppe zone of European Russia, territorial features of the material situation of the population in the peripheral regions of the country are revealed. The object of the study is the material well-being of the population, expressed through the income and expenses of the population, as well as the structure of consumer behavior. The study is based on data from the federal and regional state statistics services for 2000-2021. By means of analysis, as well as graphic and cartographic methods, the consumer behavior of the population in terms of the living standard, income and expenses of the steppe regions of the European part of Russia was assessed, and trends in its change for 2000–2021 were determined. The study revealed significant differences in the level of material well-being between the regions of the steppe zone. A widespread increase in per capita income and expenditure of the population over the study period was noted. Regional specificity of food consumption was revealed. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that food consumption of the population reflects the level of population wellbeing. The rating of regions by the level of material well-being generally corresponds to the differentiation of subjects by per capita consumer income and expenditure.

One of the key problems of oil production at the Pripyat Trough fields is the formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) on underground equipment. These deposits significantly complicate the operation of wells and can lead to a decrease in their productivity. There is a large number of methods for combating ARPD, which differ in the principles of action on deposits. The most common method to tackle ARPD in the Belarusian region is the technological treatment with hot water. This method helps to remove ARPD, restoring the normal operation of the equipment. The study presents the methodology for conducting experimental studies aimed at assessment of the effectiveness of thermal action on ARPD under various hot water injection modes during the technological treatment. As part of the research, tests were conducted using various coolant injection parameters to determine the optimal conditions for maximum efficiency. The paper also presents a method to enhance the efficiency of thermal treatment with hot water. The main principle is to increase the flow rate of hot liquid injected into the well. This allows reducing heat losses into the rock in the wellhead interval, which in turn improves the heating of the liquid in the column of pump-compression pipes at depths of more than 100 meters. The results of field studies have shown that an increase in the flow rate of injected hot water significantly intensifies the efficiency of heat treatment compared to the standard approach. This confirms the feasibility of using the proposed method for removing ASPD from the working surface of deep-well pumping equipment.

The design and forecast of the development of gas condensate fields, accompanied by the construction of hydrodynamic models (HM), is based on the PVT model of a reservoir multicomponent system. To create such a model, a technique based on equations of state and an algorithm for modeling vapor-liquid transitions of hydrocarbon mixtures is used. The studies performed in the framework of the work by the contact and differential method on the reservoir fluid model (MPF) with imitation of the process of natural depletion of the deposit proved that low condensate content leads to lower losses in the reservoir. Thus, using the example of a reservoir mixture of the Kovyktinskoye field, it was revealed that this condensate content in the gas shifts the pressure of maximum condensation to the region of lower reservoir pressures. The productive horizon P is the basic object of concentration of industrial gas reserves and its constituent components. In the upper part of the terrigenous complex of the Chorskaya formation, it is represented by medium-fine-grained sandstones with subordinate layers of siltstones and mudstones. According to the ratio in the section of sandstone interlayers and siltclay deposits, the Parthenovsky horizon is divided into two separate layers (from top to bottom: P₁ and P₂), where there is no clay bridge between them in many wells. The results of the forecast of hydrocarbon losses in the P1 reservoir, that were performed using algorithms for modeling vapor-liquid equilibrium on a reservoir fluid model, allowed us to determine the pressure of the beginning of condensation, which was 25.40 MPa and the maximum condensation pressure equal to 7.50 MPa. The data of the conducted studies allow us to formulate predictive recommendations on changes in the properties of fluids and the condensate recovery coefficient.

A comprehensive analysis of all failures and replacements of subsurface lifting equipment in one region of Western Siberia on a well stock with problems due to scale deposits has been carried out. In total, about 2,500 equipment replacements (electrical submersible pump) were carried out due to failures during the period 2019–2023. All wells with complications were either equipped with a pre-connected device to prevent scale precipitation, or routine maintenance was carried out on the wells using chemical agents. Based on the results of data collection and systematization, the main objects with the highest number of failures and complications were identified. A total of 24 formations were selected, where about 1,400 equipment replacements were carried out during this period. For these objects, a search was carried out to identify systemic causes of the formation of scale deposits with additional analytical studies. Complications at Cretaceous and Jurassic formation have different origins. Newly gained experience on Jurassic formation production can be used to draw up new regulations and methodological recommendations, since the current set of measures and the work program have certain limitations. As part of the analysis, a pilot scheme for data collection, generalization and analysis has been prepared, which can then be expanded to a full neural network. In particular, several databases were combined and new databases were prepared based on initial laboratory studies that had not previously been considered when analyzing the causes of equipment failure. The approaches and results independent producers are analyzed, which allows us to identify best practices and compare different approaches and methods of dealing with complications.

In the presented work the concept of Bio coefficient (poroelasticity coefficient) is described as a significant physical parameter in the theory of effective stresses used to describe the poroelastic state of rocks, as well as the interval of change in the Bio coefficient depending on the porosity and structural features of the rock matrix. An overview of the most well-known and practically significant methods for determining the values of the poroelasticity coefficient is presented: the methods of Willis, Frankut and Abass, measurements of rock permeability depending on effective stress, as well as changes in crimping pressure in relation to changes in pore pressure. A list of common correlation dependencies for estimating the poroelasticity coefficient is given. Approaches are demonstrated and procedures for special laboratory core studies are briefly described. The results of data interpretation and the establishment of correlations of values for the objects of development of one of the fields in Western Siberia are demonstrated. The correlation dependences of the Bio coefficient with respect to the filtration and capacitance properties of the formation (FES), acoustic and elastic properties of rocks for the productive intervals of the formations BU₁₆, BU₁₇, Ac_3–4, Ac₅ and Ac₆. To determine the characteristic values of the Bio coefficient in individual development objects, a method based on the construction of a span diagram is proposed («boxes with moustaches»). The presented material will be useful to geomechanical engineers in order to clarify the stress-strain state on rocks of Western Siberia that are similar in filtration-capacitance and elastic-strength properties. The results are of practical importance for ensuring the stability of boreholes and modeling hydraulic fracturing processes.

In recent decades, there has been an increase in water resources and a change in the intra-annual distribution of runoff in many areas of the European part of Russia. Rising air temperatures lead to increased glacier melting, but these issues have been considered mainly for large rivers; small mountain rivers have been little studied. This article discusses the impact of changes in meteorological characteristics (air temperature and precipitation) on the hydrological and hydrochemical regime of the rivers of the Kabardino-Balkar State High-Mountain Reserve. Climate changes are analyzed based on air temperature and precipitation data for the period from 1961 to 2021. The water regime is analyzed based on long-term runoff data from the villages of N. Chegem and Babugent over the period from 1961 to 2021. A comparative analysis of data on the sum of ions in the water of the studied rivers for 1958– 1960 was carried out with the data we obtained in 2015–2017. Long-term fluctuations in air temperature for all studied basins tend to increase: average annual and winter by 0.6 ºС, summer from 2.4 to 3 ºС. An increase in the annual precipitation amount is typical for the village of N. Chegem by more than 5 mm, the amount of precipitation in summer increases by almost 10 mm, while in winter there is a decrease of 5 mm over the period under review. An all-season decrease in precipitation is typical for the village of Babugent: the annual precipitation amount decreases by 84 mm, summer by 78 mm, winter by 5 mm. A comparative analysis of the data the author obtained for 2015–2017 with the mineralization of rivers for 1958-1960 revealed that by now the mineralization of rivers in low water has decreased by almost 5 times; in flood — more than 2 times.

The object of the study is landslide, rockfall and talus activity on the highways of the Prigorodny administrative district and the urban district of Vladikavkaz in the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. The paper classifies and analyzes various sources containing information on the conditions and causes of the development of landslide and talus processes, as well as the activity and danger of their manifestation on the roads of these municipalities over 2002–2023. The activity of the studied processes is mainly due to man-made effects and the influence of natural rapidly changing factors (meltwater, precipitation and air temperature). Landslides and active rockfall and talus areas threatening highways in the studied municipalities have been identified. Over the studied period, about 10 significant landslides (with material damage) and more than 40 rockfall and talus occasions took place on these roads. The maximum number of cases is confined to the spring and summer period. The study provides information on the scale of landslide, rockfall and talus deformations and destructions of the roadbed that have occurred. The areas where manifestations of the studied processes were periodically observed in different years are specified. The activity of landslide movements over the studied period was insignificant, its volume, in general, did not exceed 20.0 thousand m³. The area of talus deposits varied from 3.0 to 60.0 thousand m², and the volume of rockfall was in most cases 250–500 m³. Large accumulations of loose material were observed on roads in the valley of the Gizeldon River, and rockfall mainly occurred on the Georgian Military Road (the Balta – Upper Lars section). The maximum length of sections of republic highways affected exposed to rockfall and talus processes was noted in 2017, and to landslides – in 2022. The analysis of socio-economic consequences of the intensification of the studied processes on the roads of the Prigorodny district and the urban district of Vladikavkaz allows the authors to conclude that the landslide threat to the road infrastructure of these municipalities is low and the rockfall and talus threat is rather significant.